tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24221203988599419492024-03-13T10:43:14.713-07:00How can write essayPossible Topics For A Beowulf Research Paperclairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-91889913887087779632020-08-24T22:33:00.001-07:002020-08-24T22:33:05.271-07:00A critical review and response to a relevant research paper in EssayA basic audit and reaction to a pertinent research paper according to shielding. (5000 words) - Essay Example Childcare proficient everywhere throughout the world, have consistently put the interests of the youngster first, more so with regards to ââ¬Ëphysical misuse and hazard to lifeââ¬â¢(Hagan, 2006 pg 24). They are on the whole correct to be along these lines, since, youngster defending and insurance are to a greater degree a privilege than a need. Protecting spreads the parts of a youngster traversing from early life to development. Protecting spotlights on the turn of events, figuring expected dangers and vulnerabilities while developing a climate ââ¬Ëfocused on kids as future citizensââ¬â¢ (Parton, 2011 pg 856 â⬠857). Kid insurance is very basic in its own regard, be that as it may, defending exceeds security since it is therapeudic preventive instead of corrective. Knife et al., (2009 pg 13) solidly demands that kids ought to be put at the focal point of the shielding procedure. Partonââ¬â¢s (2011) study purposed to reveal insight into strategy advancement and discussion in England, according to kid assurance and shielding. He lays accentuation on the critical change in strategy throughout the years. By having this article distributed by the British Journal of Social Work, with the power and order it bears in this field, the article attests it quality and significance. It is, be that as it may, insufficient to vouch for an article dependent on who, or where it included; there is the requirement for additional investigation and research by all partners. This assists impact with rehearsing and even strategy. In this paper, consequently, I will fundamentally target breaking down Partonââ¬â¢s article, giving an outline and an evaluate thereof. Partonââ¬â¢s primary reason for existing was to reflect in a basic manner, the improvements in strategy, just as discussions in England in issues of kid insurance and shielding (Parton, 2011). By underlining on strategy changes in a range of 20 years, he planned for placing the state on the spotlight in issues of its commitment to this change. The specialist neither depicts the state as having bombed in issues of strategy improvement, nor does he clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-54514458707416635082020-08-22T02:21:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:21:16.837-07:00Learning to Lead Change Free EssaysFiguring out how to Lead Changeâ⬠¦ ââ¬Å"The least difficult meaning of leadershipâ⬠says Peter Senge, of learning association distinction, ââ¬Å"is the capacity to deliver change. â⬠Does your association need to manufacture change initiative capacity? Thereââ¬â¢s a major accentuation now on administration, not simply customary administration abilities. One explanation is a developing acknowledgment that in the midst of progress, when frameworks are temperamental and prospects are dubious, itââ¬â¢s pioneers we need â⬠not directors. We will compose a custom exposition test on Figuring out how to Lead Change or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now At the point when you come it down, authority itself is to a great extent about driving individuals through change. Pioneers are the key drivers of progress. They assume a basic job in getting ready individuals for it, and afterward driving them through it. Regardless of what your particular occupation, chiefs wherever now should be more change-skilled. Associations these days anticipate that individuals should step out of their utilitarian job and handle an impressive cluster of changes as a major aspect of their day by day work â⬠frequently with little groundwork for it. In a word, we as a whole need to become change pioneers. Regardless of whether you present the change â⬠a superior system, an assistance conveyance improvement, upgrading work, combining work units, structuring another product offering or presenting another bit of innovation â⬠or whether itââ¬â¢s forced on you, the capacity to oversee change and get it going quickly and easily is one of the keys to authoritative essentialness, restoration and achievement. Also, figuring out how to lead change is one of the basic abilities that underscores effective execution. To be able to: Identify when change is required and continually fabricate their own and otherââ¬â¢s ability to learn, adjust and change Translate change activities into working dreams and systems staff discover conceivable and need to sign onto Design rational work environment change and improvement procedures individuals can work with Communicate unmistakably about change in manners individuals can comprehend Reduce vulnerability and convert tension, refusal and opposition into valuable change vitality Build energy, make responsibility, get individuals vigorously mode at that point encourage them through change Many chiefs disregard the need to create change capacities in themselves or in others. Their suspicion frequently seems like this: ââ¬ËIââ¬â¢ve been dealing with this association for a considerable length of time â⬠so I surely realize how to transform it! ââ¬Ë What associations every now and again neglect to see is that the aptitudes to fabricate change admini stration capacity are altogether different to those expected to deal with a business in ordinary operational mode. Ordinary administration abilities, sound as they might be, simply donââ¬â¢t convert that effectively into viable change initiative capacities. New abilities are required yet relatively few see this. Back to top Key practice territories for empowering changeâ⬠¦ Hereââ¬â¢s a rundown of key practice zones for empowering changeâ⬠¦ They between associate. Changes in a single move through to all the othersâ⬠¦ Learning to Lead Change: Put essentially authority is every now and again about driving individuals through change. Pioneers are key drivers of progress and initiative learning should concentrate solidly on the basic job pioneers play in planning, and guiding individuals through change so as to make change pioneers â⬠those with the capacity to impart plainly about change in manners individuals can comprehend, shape a dream they can sign onto, gather speed, make responsibility, get individuals energetically and afterward encourage them through it. Encouraging Change: is a job for both change pioneers and groups. It includes being fit for driving group exercises, embracing an assistance job to lead change groups and moving from mental models of ââ¬Ëmanagingââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëorganisingââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëcontrollingââ¬â¢ to being facilitators bearing setters. Utilizing Culture: Very little changes except if the way of life itââ¬â¢s occurring in gets tended to â⬠the propensities, suppositions and shared mental models conveyed without anyone else and others. This includes detecting the present culture, surveying how steady or not this is for change results you visualize and figuring out how to use and work with the way of life to get these change results. Advancing Change Participation: Promote inclusion in and duty regarding overseeing change forms. Our inclination for support depends on perception and experience that in the event that you include others in mutually figuring out what and how to transform, it is bound to be effective than forced change. This includes working out approaches to include individuals â⬠both cooperation inside your change group or target gathering and with partners outside it. Building Change Capacity: What limits do we have to work so as to change effectively? This incorporates singular abilities, devices and controls you and your change group needs to create change empowering limit and the assets expected to help change â⬠unmistakable and ââ¬Ëinââ¬â¢. It additionally includes fabricating longer term change capacity by installing great practices in the work/learning propensities for individuals affected by changes. Frameworks Redesign: When things change, old work frameworks, procedures and methods need to change as well. One explanation change falls flat is an absence of expertise or refusal to change old work designs, frameworks, structures and mental models that disrupt everything. At whatever level, change pioneers continually search for progressively inventive, proficient and adaptable methods of re-arranging work procedures and strategies to address ever-changing improvement difficulties. All change chiefs need to figure out how to be frameworks redesigners. Change Leaders need Tools: Without devices, controlling thoughts remain un-actioned. Pioneers need new apparatuses and procedures to make a positive commitment to these increasingly adaptable and liquid types of learning on the off chance that they are to utilize figuring out how to change and react all the more rapidly to progressive change difficulties. Our administration learning underscores being straightforward about the apparatuses we use and infusing explicit learning devices into the change instructing/activity learning process for individuals to give it a shot and examination with. Checking Change: This includes creating approaches to tell whether genuine change and improvement has occurred; distinguishing markers and procedures to assess whether our change activities and procedures have had a genuine effect and refocus if changes arenââ¬â¢t working. The most effective method to refer to Learning to Lead Change, Essay models clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-57782962289000403572020-07-25T04:12:00.001-07:002020-07-25T04:12:02.768-07:00How to Write an Outline for a Narrative EssayHow to Write an Outline for a Narrative Essay A ânarrativeâ is a term that is usually used to refer to a âstoryâ; therefore, a narrative essay is an essay where you describe an event or a sequence of such events to form a more or less short-story-like piece. Narrative essays are probably one of the least difficult essay types â" after all, you donât need to find arguments to persuade your readers to share your point of view. Your goal is to tell a story, and the more vividly your readers will be able to imagine it, the better. A narrative essay is no different from all other papers in terms of the writing procedure, albeit it might not include the research stage (unless you want to dig for information like actual fiction writers do before they produce a book). Given the nature of such paper, it is tempting to let your thoughts roam and build your narration as you would build it while telling a story to a friend. You could not be more wrong in doing so. A written narration should be much more structured to make the same kind of impression as the oral one. Thatâs why a narrative essay needs a carefully developed outline to organize your thoughts. The chapters in the narrative essay outline should follow each other in such a way so as to build tension (if possible) and tell a complete story. Donât worry if your outline doesnât seem quite right at the first try â" you will be able to improve it through revisions. Weâll elaborate on each of the chapters and provide recommendations on writing them below. Chapters to include in the outline The general outline for narrative essay should look like this: Introduction Setting the scene Unfolding of events Climax of the conflict Resolution of the conflict If you want to be guided by a more conventional structure, you can combine chapters 2, 3 and 4 into the main part. Letâs look at every chapter more closely. Introduction. Your introduction chapter should include a few elements. The attention hook is the first one. Where else if not in a story would you try to attract your readerâs attention and hold it until the very end? All the regular attention-grabbing techniques can be used here, including quotations, numbers, etc. The second one is the significance of the topic â" why does it matter for you and why should it be important for your reader? The final element of your introduction should be the thesis statement. You donât necessarily need a conflict for your thesis statement, in a narrative essay itâs just the central idea that you focus on. Alternatively, a thesis can explain why the event was significant for you â" in this case, elements number two and three will be combined in your introduction. This chapter should be quite short, interesting, and relatable. Setting the scene. Setting the scene is the next step in narrative essay outline writing. Here you should describe the situation before events took place from multiple points of view: the history, the people (with physical and personality characteristics), the scenery, etc. There are a few things you should take into account while setting the scene: Use the five senses to convey the feelings generated by the scene before the main event took place. Explain why the setting is important for your narration (if it is). Use foreshadowing, i.e. hinting at how the events will unfold. In general, you should aim for a detailed enough description of the setting to immerse your reader into it. Unfolding of events. The unfolding of events is the run-up to the conflict and its resolution. Try to be consistent in your description â" first, explain how things started to unfold. Show how the actions of people contributed into the inevitability of the climax. Emphasize the feelings and provide sensory descriptions â" after all, your essay is not just a dry account of events, but rather a description of your own perception of them. Climax of the conflict. In this chapter, you should focus on the main conflict and all the related pressure. Again, try to describe the feelings related to such climax and its inevitability in view of the setting and actions of users that took place before it. Resolution of the conflict. Describe how everything ended and summarize the event. This chapter is what you would call a conclusion in all other types of papers. Include the moral of the story here. Why was the story worth writing about in the first place? Tips to consider: The chronological description of events is the most common for a narrative essay, but you will easily find examples of narrative essay outline with a different structure. The actual approach you choose should depend on your goals and the type of event you are describing. Always aim to show things rather than tell about them. Itâs the common commandment preached by writers, and there are no reasons not to use it. Make appropriate transitions between paragraphs to make your story flow and help your reader navigate through it. In narrative essay writing, your own experience serves as supporting evidence â" rely on it. Try to engage all the five senses to make your writing come alive If there was a conflict in the story, stress on it: the best stories are those with a clear conflict and a clear resolution. Be detailed in your descriptions. The better you explain things to your reader, the happier they will be. You can look for narrative essay outline examples online, but make sure to use them only as guidance. You are the owner of the story and you decide how it should unfold. If a certain outline fits your needs better than what others have used, then be it. Narrative essays are usually designed for candidate evaluation purposes (e.g. admission papers), so it will be nice to show that you can be creative in solving problems. Narrative essay or not, donât forget to allocate enough time on editing and proofreading so that your paper is free of grammar and spelling mistakes and other defects. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-39809465032774589612020-05-22T07:49:00.001-07:002020-05-22T07:49:03.265-07:00Book Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - 4784 Words A. Title of the Book: ââ¬Å" The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeâ⬠B. Author: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 -1894) * As a novelist, he is often noted for the powers of invention and depth of psychological insights found in his work; a skill defined by G. K. Chesterton as being able ââ¬Ëto pick up the right word up on the point of his penââ¬â¢. * Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. * A literary celebrity during his lifetime, Stevenson now ranks among the 26 most translated authors in the world. * Stevenson was born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson at 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, on 13 November 1850 to Margaret Isabella Balfour andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦* On 3 December 1894, Stevenson was talking to his wife and straining to open a bottle of wine when he suddenly exclaimed, Whats that! asking his wife Does my face look strange? and collapsed. * Stevenson was a celebrity in his own t ime, but with the rise of modern literature after World War I, he was seen for much of the 20th century as a writer of the second class, relegated to childrens literature and horror genres. * Half of Stevensons original manuscripts are lost, including those of ââ¬Å"Treasure Islandâ⬠, ââ¬Å"The Black Arrowâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Master of Ballantrae.â⬠Stevensons heirs sold Stevensons papers during World War I; many Stevenson documents were auctioned off in 1918. C. Type of Literature * ââ¬Å"The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeâ⬠belongs to the allegoric type of literature. Insightful, well-written, and extremely enjoyable, it is a story that chimes so with our collective consciousness that it has entered into a legend. It doesnââ¬â¢t just give one phase of what you read but it also another phase where in you can reflect and interfere with another idea. Usually in allegory, the events depicted symbolize an underlying moral or spiritual quality or represent a hidden meaning beneath the literal one expressed. Likewise, in the story,Show MoreRelatedBook Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde4772 Words à |à 20 PagesA. Title of the Book: ââ¬Å" The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeâ⬠B. Author: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 -1894) * As a novelist, he is often noted for the powers of invention and depth of psychological insights found in his work; a skill defined by G. K. Chesterton as being able ââ¬Ëto pick up the right word up on the point of his penââ¬â¢. * Robert Louis Balfour Stevensonà was a Scottishà novelist, poet, essayist, andà travel writer. * A literary celebrity duringRead MoreThe Literature of the Victorian Period1090 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeâ⬠by Stevenson Book Analysis ââ¬Å"North and Southâ⬠by Gaskell Book Report Example of Literature Review essay, Sample Paper Introduction The literature of the Victorian period is the synonymy of oppositions. Some of the oppositions introduced by this period are to be considered ââ¬Å"vitalâ⬠as they deal with the major human values. The list of the works known to be the best representations of the Victorian world outlook is very long; nevertheless some works are to be highlightedRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1577 Words à |à 7 PagesStevensonââ¬â¢s legendary novella, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, is relatively well known. A scientist, Dr. Henry Jekyll, tries to separate his inner good from evil and ends up with an alter ego, Edward Hyde. While Hyde, he commits numerous atrocities, including trampling a child and beating Sir Danvers Carew to death with a walking stick. The story is mostly written from the point of view of Mr. Gabriel Utterson, a lawyer who is friends with Jekyll and eventually pieces together the mystery ofRead MoreThere Has Always Been A Fascination Wit h The Self, Often1285 Words à |à 6 PagesThere has always been a fascination with the self, often expressed in literature; Both Robert Louis Stevensonââ¬â¢s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) and Daniel Keyesââ¬â¢ Flowers for Algernon (1966) published nearly one-hundred years later, explore the theme of the importance of self-knowledge. Both The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Flowers for Algernon explore cases of self-alienation catalyzed by a quest for self-knowledge. The main characterââ¬â¢s self-alienation stems fromRead MoreFrankenstien vs Dr.Jekly and Mr. Hyde1495 Words à |à 6 PagesBoth Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein tell cautionary tales of scientists abusing their creative powers to exist in another sphere where they cannot be directly blamed for their actions. Though Frankensteins creation is a Creature distinct from his creator while Dr. Jekyll metamorphoses into Mr. Hyde, the double of each protagonist progressively grows more violent throughout his story. By doing so he symbolizes his creators repressed desires inRead More Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1456 Words à |à 6 PagesRobert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Both Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein tell cautionary tales of scientists abusing their creative powers to exist in another sphere where they cannot be directly blamed for their actions. Though Frankensteins creation is a Creature distinct from his creator while Dr. Jekyll metamorphoses into Mr. Hyde, the double of each protagonist progressively grows more violent throughoutRead MoreDr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde2521 Words à |à 11 PagesUncovering Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886 by Robert Louis Stevenson. The story is based on a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson, who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde. This novel was composed as a shilling shocker. A shilling shocker is a short, graphic book. This whole novel is based in Victorian England. Noting the servants, differences between the rich and poorRead MoreStevensons Use of Literary Techniques to Portray Evil in Jekyll and Hyde3969 Words à |à 16 PagesThis essay will focus on how Robert Louis Stevenson presents the nature of evil through his novel ââ¬ËThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hydeââ¬â¢. Using ideas such as duality, the technique used to highlight the two different sides of a character or scene, allegories, an extended metaphor which has an underlying moral significance, and hypocrisy; in this book the Victorians being against all things evil but regula rly taking part in frown able deeds that would not be approved of in a ââ¬Ërespectableââ¬â¢ societyRead MoreMovie Review : Jekyll Hyde The Musical 1661 Words à |à 7 PagesFort Worth Academy of Fine Arts Summer 2014 High School Reading Drama Report Form: Alexandra Brinkley 12th Grade AP Literature Maddoux Play Title: Jekyll Hyde The Musical Author: The whole show is based on ââ¬Å"Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeâ⬠by Robert Louis Stevenson. The musical lyrics were written by Frank Wildhorn, Leslie Bricusse, and Steven Cuden. The musical book was written by Leslie Bricusse. Category/Genre: Drama/Horror Where did you watch this play? I watched this show at CasaRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Multiple Personality )1397 Words à |à 6 Pagesto test the reliability and validity of this scale. The scale is referred to as The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and was developed to help measure dissociation in individuals. The Dissociative Experiences Scale is a twenty-eight item self-report questionnaire. How this scale works is that the individual is asked to mark on a line to indicate where they fall on the continuum for each specific question. After the experiment, the scale was able to show high rates in both reliability and validity clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-84542220969800202722020-05-08T02:00:00.001-07:002020-05-08T02:00:04.348-07:00Climate Change And Its Effects On The Environment - 842 Words Climate change impacts are not new issues nowadays. Many scholars had identified some phenomena that show the occurrence climate change. For instance the increases of Earthââ¬â¢s temperature, the significant records of sea level rise, which threaten mostly on Small Island developing states, extreme weather that cause the shifting season, and drought events. Basically, impacts of climate change cannot be avoided. However as intellectual creatures, humans are expected to be able to take actions in minimizing its impacts. In addition, people need to understand the context of climate change impacts on certain locations over time, and how the local systems work before implementing the climate change adaptation and mitigation actions because these actions could not be generalized to be applied on all conditions. Due to these actions depends on the local context, therefore, I belief that it is necessary to understand about the concept of climate change comprehensively as well as its adap tation and mitigation actions in order to enhance our capacity to deal with the climate changeââ¬â¢s consequences. Climate change issues in Indonesia Reflects to Indonesia context, as located on the pacific ring of fire, it causes Indonesia facing the high risk of natural hazards. Also, the climate change impacts threat Indonesia as an archipelago nation. Human activities, however, exacerbate its impacts through urbanization, deforestation, and land clearance for example. Frequently flood and drought eventsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Essay1268 Words à |à 6 PagesOCEAN ACIDIFICATION Smog, contaminated water, melting of snow packs. These are some of impacts that Climate Change has had on the Earth over the past years. All of these are product of the increase in carbon dioxide emissions by humans and their polluting activities. Since the Industrial Revolution, these events have escalated and, they have been becoming more noticeable and prolonged across the globe. Some of these events are more palpable and pronounced in certain parts of the hemisphere. For exampleRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment1445 Words à |à 6 Pagescooler climates all are impacts of increasing temperatures that are happening right now. Within the next century, sea levels will rise 7 - 23 inches, Storms will become much stronger, floods/droughts will become more common, and many, many other negative environmental changes (Cook). These changes in the environment have been the topic of debate for decades, but has become more and more common over the past few years. On one side of the debate, there are the people who believe climate changeRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment1506 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe amount of damage that has been done to the environment is due to this current generation and the problem I will be focusing on is climate change. Climate change is an issue that has been present for many years, but we are just now deciding to stand up and try to fix things. The problem at hand is whether or not itââ¬â¢s too late to undo the destruction thatââ¬â¢s already been done. Is this damage too critical that it cannot be corrected? Climate change is an environmental issue that is reversible, theRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment1217 Words à |à 5 Pagesrisks of climate change, but many others are unaware of the problem, unsure of the facts or what to do, do not trust experts or believe their conclusions, think the problem is elsewhere, are fixed in their ways, believe that others should act, or believe that their actions will make no difference or are unimportant compared to those of others. II. â⬠¢ An individual level of analysis is relevant for understanding the impacts of climate change and the ways individuals adapt to climate change becauseRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment1055 Words à |à 5 PagesClimate change has become a major issue in todayââ¬â¢s society. Coming from the rise of Greenhouse Gas emissions and changing temperature caused human developments, world leaders and organisations are working on ways to combat the problem. This includes taking steps towards renewable energy and a cleaner future. Although, human activity is not the sole cause to the rising earthââ¬â¢s temperatures. Besides are use of greenhouse gases and fossil fuels, natural Influences including the current El Nià ±o periodRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effect On The Environment Essay1348 Words à |à 6 Pages Tying this back to climate change, it the levels of these salt marshes are affected by the rise in seawater. However, if the cordgrass and marsh hay experience more or less stress from higher or lower tides than they are used to, the soils within each area will be disturbed. The higher the sea level rises, the more tides increase in number as well as speed. If the tides speed up and become more frequent, it is possible that this could dislodge newly planted seeds and disturb the populations increasingRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment906 Words à |à 4 PagesClimate is consistent behavior of temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure and other related environmental factors. Around the globe, temperature a re climbing, sea levels are rising, and season are changing, which means that climate change is transforming our Earth. Climate change indicates negative consequences on the impact to humanity and on the factors of the climate system. By climate change the most endangered is atmosphere, because it changes the composition of uncontrolledRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Enviro nment1188 Words à |à 5 PagesDue to recent climate change the environment has been impacted in many ways. Climate Change is a change in global or regional climate patterns attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels (Oxford Dictionary). Scientists have studied the impacts it s having on the environment such as temperature rising, sea level rising, and increase in natural disasters. Climate change has only affected us in the 20 years due to the increase in factoriesRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Essay954 Words à |à 4 Pagesthat the reason for the heat range change is man made pollution. The alleged cause of this climatic change is the development of carbon dioxide, which blocks solar heat and keeps it from radiating out of the weather. Carbon footprint is a way to evaluate the effect that human actions have on the surroundings through the exhaust of green house gas, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbon are associated with environment changes and have an effect on the entire atmosphere. SpecificallyRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Essay1916 Words à |à 8 PagesBarack Obama and other World Leaders secured a global agreement to fight against climate change. President Obama strives to lessen global emissions by the end of the century and to alleviate the amount of fossil fuels that are being burned in our atmosphere. Society has been affecting our environment by burning fossil fuels and decreasing the amount of greenhouse gases. The changing climate has affected the environment in many ways. The Earthââ¬â¢s water systems have been thrown off balance, there are clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-55818252456228811302020-05-06T09:32:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:32:46.712-07:00Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility Free Essays Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER ONE: 1. 0 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY INTRODUCTION The Islamic concept of Al-Ijarah Thumma al-bayââ¬â¢ refers to lease or hire or rent ending with purchase. It is a type of lease which concludes with option to buy back which is concludes the legal title of the leased asset and will be passed to the lessee at the end of the period. We will write a custom essay sample on Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is one of the contemporary innovative products which are design to meet the public demand at the same time, securing long term competitiveness in the financial market. AITAB comprised two contracts which are al-ijarah (leasing or renting) and followed by al-bayââ¬â¢ (sale) contract. Al-Ijarah: a contract whereby the lessor (Islamic bank) will rent the assets to the lessee (customer) over a certain period and at the end monthly rental amount as agreed by both parties. (Khir et al. 2008) Al-Bayââ¬â¢: upon completion of the rental period or upon the early settlement the lessor will then enter into the sale contract with the lessee to sell the asset at a pre-agreed selling price. (Khir et al. , 2008) Al-ijarah and al-bayââ¬â¢ are both categorised under the contract of exchange. The former relate to the exchange of usufruct for money, while latter involves the exchange of good for money. In AITAB the contract of al-ijarah runs separately from the contract of al-bayââ¬â¢. Si nce both contracts are executed in a sequence. A new contract AITAB can be used to describe the process of converting an Ijarah into a sale contract. (Khir et al. , 2008) AITAB is one of the contemporary innovative approaches in the Islamic hire purchase instrument which is an alternative product to conventional hire purchase. The significant difference between the two is that Islamic hire purchase is a unique contract involving a combination of two different contracts, thus involving a number of legal and shariah issues. It 1 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 calls for special rules on leasing and sale at different stages of the transactions in the light of shariah. It refers to owning the benefit of certain assets for a specific period of time, by paying an agreed sum of rental, with an agreement that the owner will transfer the rented asset to the hirer at the end of the agreed period or during the period, provided all rental payments or instalments have been made in entirety. The transfer of ownership is affected by a new and independent contract, either by giving the asset as a gift, or selling it at an agreed price. (AlZuhayli, 2002) Conventional hire-purchase, the product is considered as a loan to which interest rate and hiring charges would be applicable and in case of late payment of instalment price, interest would accumulate. But in Islamic hire-purchase, the product is considered as a mode of financing, not a loan and the product would have a profit rate and a mark-up and for late payment of instalment price, only late payment charge pre-agreed would be applicable. Billah) Based on the statements above, the researcher conduct the study among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan to identify the most significantly criteriaââ¬â¢s such as perception, competency among car dealers and bank officer and awareness can influence them in order to accept Islamic hire purchase facility. The result for the acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility will be collected by distributed the questionnaire to 200 staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. After that, the analysis will be interpreted by using the SPSS 20. 0 program. 2 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KELANTAN ESTABLISHMENT HISTORY Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan history start when the director first (formerly called Penguasa Pelajaran) namely Encik Mohd Ghazali B. Mohd Ariffn designate at year 1992. He then awarded with the title Datoââ¬â¢ Bentara Luar and work until year 1930. The office first located in building known by the name of ââ¬Å"Pejabat Panjangâ⬠, namely a building nearby Istana Kota Lama. Then in year 1930 an on the other hand Pejabat Pelajaran move on the other hand to other building known by the name of ââ¬Å"Pejabat Pohon Celagiâ⬠namely Kelantan State Secretary building, nearby old office building. In year 1965 the office move on the other hand to new building namely Bangunan Persekutuan that is today. From year 1922 to 18 august 1998 there are 25 people Director. They are made up 13 people noble Malay, 10 people noble English and 2 people that noble Chinese. Director Encik Saw Chee Ling had given his service for 12 years. Since colonial era until today, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan has been expanding rapidly him in effort increase this quality education in accordance with Education Philosophy policy country. Today, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan has owned 10 sectors that include Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan dan Pembangunan, Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah, Sektor Pengurusan Akademik and Sektor Pendidikan Islam. Under this department also be established State Educational Technology Division. While at district level on the other hand was constituted ten parts of Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah namely Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kota Bharu, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Pasir Mas, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Tumpat, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Pasir Puteh, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Bachok, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Tanah Merah, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Machang, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kuala Krai, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Gua Musang and Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Jeli. Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS Dual banking system imposes by Bank Negera Malaysia affecting the demand for Islamic financial product. This situation has influenced some staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan to choose Islamic or conventional hire purchase loan for buying car. In this study, staff perception toward Islamic hire purchase facility implies whether they are really known about the AITAB operation itself. Researcher also identify common perception toward AITAB contract which is profit charge are too costly, penalty charge for late payment, accordance with syariah guideline and more Researcher also knows car dealers and bank officers also as importance key player toward acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility. Thus, researcher also identify common problem about competency among car dealers and bank officer whether among them are lack of knowledge about Islamic financial product. Others problem that researcher identify is awareness among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan itself whether they aware about Islamic Hire Purchase facility or not. The common problem on awareness among staff is what Islamic Hire Purchase have compared to conventional, the existence of Islamic financial product, the modus operandi of the AITAB contract itself and more. I. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY There are several objectives that have been developed in this research as the following:I. II. III. To examine staff perception toward Islamic hire purchase facility. To identify competency among car dealers and bank officers. To evaluate effects of awareness among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. In this research, researcher identifies the most contributing factor of acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan is awareness. This had be proven by Pearson correlation relationship at r = 0. 837 4 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will focus on the acceptance towards Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bayââ¬â¢, Islamic hire purchase facility among staffs in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. In this research, researcher had pick up about 200 staff from the population of 460 staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan as are respondents to complete the questionnaire. The respondent of this study are all staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan which are mostly involve in hire purchase facility that offered by Islamic and conventional bank. The researcher has chosen this area because of high population. 1. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The first limitation is that the probability of absenteeism of the respondent due to leave or outstation since all respondents is the staff of Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. The second limitation is lack of knowledge. Researcher does not have experience and never been exposed in making a complete research in the university. Researchers will facing difficulties to understand the wor d using by the respondent. The third limitation is uncooperative respondent. In process of gathering the information, researcher will need to collect data through the questionnaire. However, it can be difficult to gain full cooperation and commitment from the respondent and they may think that it does not give any advantage to them. Respondent also will take a very long time to answer the questionnaire and it also will make the researcher take a long time to analysis the data. Corporate constraint also can be a limitation in this study because the respondent cannot give hundred percent performances in answer the questionnaire. 5 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 6 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY To the Manager Help the manager to identify the behaviour of his subordinates and how they react towards the acceptance of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bayââ¬â¢ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing as their source of car financing. To the researcher It will provide better understanding and can give new knowledge to the researcher. The study will be conducted to give a clear picture on the staffââ¬â¢s awareness and acceptance on the AlIjarah Thumma Al-Bayââ¬â¢ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing. The result of the study will help the researcher to know the stuffââ¬â¢s perceptions towards factors that influence stuffs decisions in accepting Islamic Financing Product. To the public The data gathered in this study can help the individual to gain more knowledge about the important and benefits of accepting Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bayââ¬â¢ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing as part of their source of car financing. This study may increase the level of awareness and create acceptance among public about Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bayââ¬â¢ Islamic Hire Purchase financing as their source of car financing decisions. To others The information may be used by the financial institution to improve the services related with Islamic Car Financing product. This study may provide useful information for further research in this area of interest. The findings of this study could provide some form of empirical data for future research in this area. It could perhaps also help in the more effective implementation of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bayââ¬â¢ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing. 6 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 To the bank There are a lot of benefits of this research to the bank. From this research, it will provide information to the bank on the real scenario. Therefore, the bank can use this information and results to improve its management, services, efficiency and etc. In fact, with this research it will help the bank to come out with new strategies and solutions to monitor its profitability and can improve its performance. Thus, the bank can also use the recommendations suggested by the researcher to improve its performance and position. 7 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 7 DEFINITION OF TERM Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bayââ¬â¢ In the context of Islamic finance, the ijarah concept is usually applicable in financing contracts such as in real property financing, vehicle financing, project financing and personal financing. There are also financing products that enable customers to lease assets from Islamic financial institutions with an option to acquire the leased assets at the end of the lease tenure based on the concept of ijarah muntahia bi al-tamlik or al-ijarah thumma al-bai (Bank Negera M. , 2010) Perception Customersââ¬â¢ perceptions are often identified by their level of satisfaction towards particular products or services. (Nurdianawati I. A, 2006) Competency More competent, knowledgeable employees are more likely to design processes and deliver services that conform to customer needs. (Ahmad, 2010). Awareness Research on bank patronage in Malaysia find that almost 100 per cents of Muslims and 75% of non-Muslims were aware of the existence of Islamic banks. Most of them wished to have a relationship with these banks if they had a complete understanding of this system. (Sudin Haron N. A. , 1994) Acceptance AITAB is a name which capture a public acceptance because it provides better features compared to conventional hire-purchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. (Nurdianawati I. A, 2006) 8 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER TWO: 2. 0 INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review is important as references and as a guideline to the researcher in conducting research and to search the information. It also used as the supporter to the study that will be conducted. This chapter will discuss about the literature review which relevant to the topic of the study. The purpose is to ensure that no important variable that has in the past been found repeatedly to have had an impact on the problem is ignored. . 1 Acceptance AITAB is a name which capture a public acceptance because it provides better features compared to conventional hire-purchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. They will come to an institution which they know offering such Islamic product. For example, many corporate customers com e to Bank Pembangunan to purchase machinery through AITAB facility, because they know the benefits that the facility has to offer, for example, full margin of financing and lower penalty for late payment. Nurdianawati, 2006) Other finding shown AITAB also gains support from the non-Muslims. In some institutions, 60% of their customers are non-Muslims, comprising the Chinese in majority. They can see the advantage of signing up AITAB, which is 1% penalty for late payment, as compared to conventional hire-purchase which imposes 8% penalty. (Bank Negara, 1998) A survey in United Kingdom found the demand for Islamic financing will grow in future if Islamic banks pratice the correct marketing measures. In the research, five (5 %) percents of muslim in United Kingdom are loyal customers to the Islamic financial services. Majority of muslim are still comfortable with the conventional financial services, while only a quater of muslims tend to show preference for Islamic finance. (Humayon, 2004) 9 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 2. 2 Perception Nowadays, in the dual banking system that had been practice by Malaysia giving an effect to the consumer to choose either Islamic Hire Purchase or Conventional hire purchase. Mostly Muslim customers claim that there are no differences between Islamic Hire-Purchase and Conventional Hire Purchase. Islamic banking products are available at two full pledged Islamic banks and at all commercial and merchant banks in Malaysia. However, these products are still not fully accepted by customers. According to Norafifah Ahmad and Sudin Haron (2002), at the end of 2000, total deposit at conventional banks was RM381 billion while total deposit in Islamic Financial Institution was RM31 billion. In the case of loans, RM416 billion was extended by conventional system, and RM21 billion was given by Islamic system. This results indicates that perception of Conventional System were far good than Islamic financial system. Islamic Hire purchase (AITAB) provides better features compared to conventional hirepurchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. They will come to an institution which they know offering such Islamic product. Moreover AITAB also gains support from the non-Muslims. In some institutions, 60% of their customers are non-Muslims, comprising the Chinese in majority. They can see the advantage of signing up AITAB, which is 1% penalty for late payment, as compared to conventional hire-purchase which imposes 8% penalty. Nurdianawati, 2006) Perceptions of Malaysian corporate customers of Islamic banking products and services indicated that Islamic banks were not the main choice because of the lack of knowledge. More than half of the respondents (65 %) said they had limited knowledge of the Islamic banking system. This study shows that Islamic banks have not conducted enough programmes to educate people or promo te their products to the public. (Norafifah Ahmad, 2002) 10 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 They showed that 63 % of Muslim respondents possess limited knowledge of IBF. They do not fully understand the operation of IBF even though Islamic banking has been established in Malaysia for more than twenty years. This factor has led to low usage of Islamic banking facilities among the Muslim respondents. (Sudin Haron N. A. , 1994). A similar situation occurred in Singapore, where only 22. 6 percent of Muslims deposit money in Islamic banks solely because of religion (Gerrard, 1997) Another important indicator determining customersââ¬â¢ positive or negative perception is their patronage criteria towards the service provider. In one of the earliest patronage studies on Islamic banking, Erol and El-Bdour (1989) discovered that the most important criteria considered by customers in patronising Islamic banks are provision of fast and efficient services, the bankââ¬â¢s reputation and image, and confidentiality. Others study found that religion is not the main factor encouraging Muslims to choose Islamic banks to hold their funds. Their findings also indicate that bank customers perceived no difference between the services offered by Islamic and conventional banks, the former being perceived as merely duplicating the latter. Erol C. K. -B. , 1990). In addition, many of muslim also doubt of shariah permissibility on the Islamic banking instrument. (Humayon, 2004) In Malaysia, customersââ¬â¢ positive perception towards Islamic banking is far more crucial mainly due to the fact that Islamic banks have to compete with the long established conventional banks in a dual-banking system. Since 1983, Malaysia to d ate has a dual banking system, whereby the Islamic banking system operates in parallel with the conventional system. The former is currently represented by 27 banking institutions, comprising nine Islamic banks and 18 conventional banking institutions (eight commercial banks, four merchant banks and six discount houses) offering Islamic banking products and services under the Islamic Banking Scheme (IBS), also known as Islamic windows. (Bank Negera, 2005) 11 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 2. 3 Competency Customers also may not to choose Islamic Hire Purchase facility for their car financing due to lack of competency among car dealers and bank officers. Most car dealer claimed there is no differences between Islamic and conventional thus give impact to costumerââ¬â¢s decision. The misleading view of AITAB among the customers is partly contributed by the lack of experience and knowledge among bank officers in giving correct and satisfactory explanation about AITAB. Some of these bank officers do not even understand the distinction between AITAB and conventional hire-purchase. Many proclaim that both products are similar especially with regards to its documents, procedures and governance. Hence, they are unable to highlight the advantages and benefits of AITAB as compared to conventional hirepurchase. (Nurdianawati, 2006) More competent, knowledgeable employees are more likely to design processes and deliver services that conform to customer needs. (Ahmad, 2010). In addition, development of appropriate employee skills and competencies is important determinant of better service quality and favorable consumer perceptions about service delivery (Chung, 2002) Furthermore, a dealer acts as a middleman between a financial institution and a customer. In Malaysian context, the customer usually approaches the dealer first for the purpose of purchasing a particular vehicle before applying hire-purchase facility from a financial institution. In fact, the customerââ¬â¢s choice between conventional and Islamic financing facility depends mostly on the dealerââ¬â¢s explanation and recommendation. Ideally, a dealer with a high Islamic conscience proposes AITAB to the customer and able to explain how the facility works, its advantages and differences from conventional facility. However, not all dealers are equipped with in-depth understanding of AITAB facility. Thus, it is expected that they would not be able to educate their customers accordingly. In reality these dealers even tend to propose conventional facility either because their understanding of AITAB is limited or they 12 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 do not want to expose their customers to an unnecessarily complicated situation. (Nurdianawati, 2006). In addition, many dealers that are lack in understanding of AITAB facility assume the facility offered by Islamic and conventional bank are totally same. They only concern with their commission for their sales. 2. 4 Awareness. Haron et al. (1994) who pioneered in the research on bank patronage in Malaysia find that almost 100 per cent of Muslims and 75% of non-Muslims were aware of the existence of Islamic banks. Most of them wished to have a relationship with these banks if they had a complete understanding of this system. In Singapore, a study by Gerrard and Cunningham (1997) revealed that the Singaporeans, Muslims or non-Muslims, are generally unaware of the principles of Islamic banking. Study in Humayon (2004) shown some of the muslims may not aware of the Islamic financial instrument in the financial market. Others study on Singapore by Haron, Ahmad and Planisek (1994) revealed that only 40 percent of Muslim customers consider religion as an important factor in patronizing banks. Similarly, there is general lack of awareness of Islamic banking system among Singaporean communities, be they Muslims or non-Muslims. These results suggest that Islamic banks do not need to rely on the religious factor as a strategy in attracting customers, but they should focus more on provision of quality and efficient services. One of the contributing factors to this absence of awareness among Muslims is the lack of understanding of Islamic banking. A study conducted in Singapore showed that only 20. 7 percent know the meaning of ââ¬ËRibaââ¬â¢ and 31 percent know the meaning of Shariââ¬â¢ah. The study also showed that only 3 percent can explain accurately the meaning of Ijarah, Mudarabah 13 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 and Musharakah. Surprisingly, no one could explain accurately the meaning of Murabaha (Gerrard, 1997) Rammal and Zurbruegg (2006) found that it is important for financial institution to understand the dynamism of customer segmentation, build customer relationship and address requirement and preferences of specific segments. By doing so, it will boost up customer identification and create awareness among consumers. This finding then supported by Harun et al. (1992) where there is no significant difference between Muslims and Non-Muslims in their selection criteria. Islamic banking product used different names for their product and it has cause several difficulties and misunderstanding by customers, some claimed that it is a religious product that only meant for Muslims, and some just find it too difficult to learn the names therefore they stay away (Nordin, 2001). According to them again, what is actually taught to the Malaysians since their pre-school period is aqidah and understanding of Islamic principles but little emphasis is given to the muââ¬â¢amalat or the daily transaction activities according to Islam. In another study of Malaysian commercial customers and their views of Islamic financial services, Haron et al. (2002) noted that 65% of the respondents admitted to having limited knowledge of Islamic banking, while at the same time indicating that they believed the concept had good potential in the Malaysian market. Bley and Kuehn (2004) found a high level of ignorance among the 300 interviewed Muslim with regard to what constitutes acceptable Islamic finance principles. He reported that the higher the religious commitment and the lower the level of general education, the stronger the preference for Islamic over conventional finance. His study also revealed that overall; studentsââ¬â¢ knowledge of conventional and Islamic finance terms and concepts was surprisingly low among students in United Arab Emirates. 14 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, it will focus on the research methodology that will use in this study. In essence, research methodology will provide researcher the needed information that guides researcher to make informed decisions to successfully deal with the problems. The information gathered could be the result of the analysis of data gathered firsthand or the data that are already available. Research methodology will presents the nature of study, data sources, pilot study and reliability test, data collection and data analysis technique. 3. 1 POPULATION AND SAMPLING DESIGN According to Sekaran, (2006), population is a complete group of entities sharing some common set of characteristics. For this research the population is among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu. This research is using sampling frame; meaning is concerned with the selection of a subset of individual from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. (Malhotra, 2004) in his writing define sample frame as a lists of elements from which a sample may be drawn for identifying the target population. A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population. In this research, the sampling frame is the staff at Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. The populations taken are 200 from 460 staff. 3. 2 SAMPLE SIZE Sample is a subset, or some part, of a large population. In research, sampling is important because the researcher intend to come up with accurate and reliable findings in order to be able use for further research. The sample size for this study is the actual number of subjects chosen as a sample to represent the population characteristics, which is according to Sekaran, (2006). Refer to Roscoe (1975), sample size larger than 30 and less than 500 are appropriate for most research. So, the researcher decided that the sample of 200 15 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 respondents is appropriate to represent the population of staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. 3. 3 SAMPLING METHOD Sampling is the process of selecting items from the population so that the sample characteristics can be generalized to the population. Sampling involves both design choice and sample size decisions (Sekaran, 2006). The idea of sampling is to select a few samples from a bigger group known as population, so that it becomes a basis for estimating or predicting a fact, situation or outcome regarding the actual number of group under study. The method used for this study is convenience sampling. It is the method of drawing samples that does not impose any restrictions. This is also the least reliable sampling that is cheap and convenience. 3. 3. 1 Convenience Sampling Technique Convenience sampling refers to the collection of information from members of the population who are conveniently available to provide it (Sekaran, 2006). Meanwhile, Cooper and Schindler (2006), defined convenience sampling is non-probability sampling where researchers use any readily available individuals as participants. It is the most often used during the exploratory phase of the research project and it is perhaps the best way of getting some basic information quickly and efficiently. 3. 4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION In this research, the data gathered parallel to the objectives of the study. The methods of data collection that the researcher used to collect the data were primary data and secondary data. 16 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 4. 1 PRIMARY DATA It is the data collected for a specific purpose from original sources. Primary data been obtained by distribution of the respondents selected. The entire questionnaires are collected personally. In this research, the primary data was collected from the personally administered questionnaire. Personally Administered Questionnaire The questionnaire has been designed according to the needs of the topic study. It is to ensure that the respondents would be fully understood and answer all the questions since there is personal administered question. In designing the questionnaireââ¬â¢s questions, the content, structure and appearance would give an impact to the respondentsââ¬â¢ attitude. Thus, all these things should be properly organized. In the questionnaire designs, the researcher divided it into 3 sections which include as follows: Section A ââ¬â Section A comprises questions pertaining to their personal particulars. The first part of the questionnaire was divided into 2 areas of information. One was on the personal information and the one on others Islamic financial product. Section B ââ¬â Section B focused on obtaining information on dependent variable. It is the customer selection criteria for bank. This section is designed by using a Likert Scale. The student had to circle the appropriate response with the statement from a scale of (1-5) ranging from the caption ââ¬Ëstrongly disagreeââ¬â¢ to ââ¬Ëstrongly agreeââ¬â¢. Through the 5 point scale, the researcher could decide to what the acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. Section C Criteria I ââ¬â Criteria I focused on obtaining information on effect of perception in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point 17 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 scale wills response of the participant toward on perception towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. Criteria II ââ¬â Criteria II focused on obtaining information on effect of competency in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This sect ion also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point scale wills response of the participant toward on competency among bank officer and car dealers towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. Criteria III ââ¬â Criteria III focused on obtaining information on effect of awareness in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point scale wills response of the participant toward awareness in towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan 3. 4. 2 SECONDARY DATA Secondary data were obtained through searching the journal which published reported of previous researchers that different in authors, perceptions and theories. The data and information are also gathered from the website. 8 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The research model shows that the dependent variable is the acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This dependent variable is expected to have a significant relationship with personal characteristics, perception, competency and awareness as independent variables. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE Perception Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility Competency Awareness Figure 3. 5. 1: The Theoretical Framework of the study. RESEARCH VARIABLES Two main types of variables that are used in this research include dependent variable and independent variable. DEPENDENT VARIABLE The dependent variable that used in this study is Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The independent variables that are used in this research are perception, competency and awareness. 19 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 6 HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis 1 (Perception) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. Hypothesis 2 (Competency) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Neger i Kelantan and competency. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. Hypothesis 3 (Awareness) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. 3. 7 DATA ANALYSIS AND ADMINISTRATION Data analysis is a procedure to analyze data or information that obtains during the research. In order to achieve the research objective, the data that been obtained from the respondent must answered or fulfill the expectations. In this research, the researcher wants to measure which is the most significant criteria in acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. 20 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 The procedure of the analysis that used is by using the SPSS 20. 0 software application. All the data from the questionnaire that answered by the respondents had been analyze using this software. The process of entailing earrangement, breaching down, reduction and separation of data into as many as needed to determine their nature, relative important, functions and interrelationships. In completing this study, it will includes some basis data analysis including reliability analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression by using SPSS 20. 0 program. 3. 7. 1 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS According to Sekaran (2006), the reliability of a measure is established by testing for both consistency and stability. Consistency indicates how well the items measuring a concept hang together as a set. The reliability will ensure to test the data. Reliability is an attest to the consistency and stability of the measure instrument. The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is without bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measure across time and across the various items in the instrument. The most commonly reliability test that has used is Cronbachââ¬â¢s Alpha. The Cronbachââ¬â¢s Alpha can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient and it range in value from 0 to 1. 3. 7. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS According to Cooper and Schindler (2006), frequency distribution is ordered array of all values for a variable. In order to analyze the whole information of research question based on respondentââ¬â¢s profile information of the respondents such as gender, marital status, level of income and age. Frequency distribution is also simply reports the number of the responses that ea ch questions received. It is the simplest way of determining the empirical distributions of the variables. The frequency distribution is a display of the frequency occurrence of each score value. The frequency distribution can be display is many form such as tabular and graphical form. In this study, the frequency distribution had been measure the questionnaire in section A that it is about respondentââ¬â¢s profile such as gender, age, race, 21 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 religion, level of education, marital status, salary, sector and had been used any Islamic financial product. 3. 7. 3 PEARSONââ¬â¢S CORRELATION ANALYSIS The other name of Pearsonââ¬â¢s coefficient of correlation is Pearson Correlation Matrix. The coefficient of correlation is used to determine the magnitude, direction and significant level of relationship between dependent and independent variables. As a descriptive technique, it is very powerful since this method indicates whether variables share is something in common with each other. 3. 7. 4 MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS The multiple regressions describe the strength of the linear relationship between two variables when one is considered the independent variable and the other is the dependent variable (Cooper and Schindler, 2006). Regression is a powerful tool for summarizing the nature of the relationship between variables and for making predictions of likely values of the dependent variables. Regression analysis aids in understanding how much of the variance in the dependent variable may be explained by a set of predictors. For regression coefficient, estimates, model fit and R squared change are chosen in this study. 22 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the researcher will identify the questionnaires response rate from the respondents. After collecting the data, now the researcher able to analyze and interpret it using the SPSS 20 software. Techniques using in interpreting data is by using reliability analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression in SPSS programs. These steps are important to see the relationship between the variables and to know the variables are significant or not. 4. 1 FREQUENCIES ANALYSIS A frequency analysis shows the frequency of occurrence of each score value of the research data. The objective is to obtain a count of number of responses associated with different values of the variable. This analysis is appropriate and suitable to analyze the question in Section A which is respondents profile such as gender, race, religion, level of education, maritial status, age, salary, sector, used others Islamic finance product. TABLE 4. 1. 1 Frequency of Section A- Demographicsââ¬â¢ profile Statistics GENDER AGE RACE RELIGION LEVEL EDUCATION MARITIAL STATUS SALARY SECTOR OTHERS ISLAMIC FINANCIAL PRODUCT Valid N Missing Mean Median Mode Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Std. Error of Skewness Minimum Maximum 0 1. 58 2. 00 2 . 496 . 246 -. 306 . 172 1 2 0 2. 44 2. 00 2 . 889 . 790 . 068 . 172 1 4 0 1. 05 1. 00 1 . 240 . 058 5. 207 . 172 1 3 0 1. 05 1. 00 1 . 208 . 043 4. 423 . 172 1 2 0 2. 71 3. 00 4 1. 215 1. 475 . 006 . 172 1 5 0 1. 83 2. 00 2 . 419 . 175 -1. 081 . 172 1 3 0 3. 09 3. 00 3 1. 206 1. 455 . 616 . 172 1 6 0 3. 59 3. 00 1 2. 617 6. 847 . 872 . 172 1 10 0 3. 05 3. 00 5 1. 583 2. 506 -. 021 . 172 1 5 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 23 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Profile (n=200) Gender Male Female Age 21 ââ¬â 30 years 31 ââ¬â 40 years 41 ââ¬â 50 years 51 years and above Race Malay Chinese Indian Religion Islam Buddha Level Education SPM STPM Diploma Bachelor Degree Maritial Status Single Married Others Salary RM 1000 and Below RM1001 ââ¬â RM2000 RM2001 ââ¬â RM3000 RM3001 ââ¬â RM4000 RM4001 ââ¬â RM5000 RM5001 and Above Sector Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan Pembangunan Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah Sektor Pengurusan Akedemik Sektor Pengurusan Pembangunan Sektor Pendidikan Islam Sektor Penilaian Peperiksaan Sektor Jaminan Kualiti Sektor Psikologi Kaunseling Sektor ICT Other Islamic Financial Product Islamic Vehicle Financing Islamic House Financing Islamic Personal Financing Islamic Credit Card Takaful Frequency Percent Valid percent 42. 5 57. 5 15. 0 38. 5 34. 5 12. 0 95. 5 4. 0 0. 5 95. 5 4. 5 21. 0 25. 5 19. 5 30. 0 4. 0 19. 0 79. 5 1. 5 4. 5 32. 0 33. 0 15. 5 11. 0 4. 0 30. 0 14. 5 16. 0 5. 0 10. 0 13. 0 2. 5 6. 5 2. 5 25. 5 17. 0 14. 0 14. 5 29. 0 Cumulative percent 42. 5 100. 0 15. 0 53. 5 88. 0 100. 0 95. 5 99. 5 100. 0 95. 5 100. 0 21. 0 46. 5 66. 0 96. 0 100. 0 19. 0 98. 5 100. 0 4. 5 36. 69. 5 85. 0 96. 0 100. 0 30. 0 44. 5 60. 5 65. 5 75. 5 88. 5 91. 0 97. 5 100. 0 25. 5 42. 5 56. 5 71. 0 100. 0 85 115 30 77 69 24 191 8 1 191 9 42 51 39 60 8 38 159 3 9 64 66 31 22 8 60 29 32 10 20 26 5 13 5 51 34 28 29 58 42. 5 57. 5 15. 0 38. 5 34. 5 12. 0 95. 5 4. 0 0. 5 95. 5 4. 5 21. 0 25. 5 19. 5 30. 0 4. 0 19. 0 79. 5 1. 5 4. 5 32. 0 33. 0 15. 5 11. 0 4. 0 30. 0 14. 5 16. 0 5. 0 10. 0 13. 0 2. 5 6. 5 2. 5 25. 5 17. 0 14. 0 14. 5 29. 0 24 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Table 4. 2. 1 provides an exploration of the sample for the investigation. The total number of respondents was 200 and the demographic profile of the respondents is shown in table. Among the demographic profile of respondents discussed are gender, age, race, religion, level education, maritial status, salary, sector and used others islamic financial product. Respondents were 42. 5% from male group and 57. 5% of female group. From the raceââ¬Ës profile, 95. 5% of the respondents are malay, 4. 0% of the respondents are chinese and 0. 5% respondents are indian. Besides that, percentages of the religion profile, 95. 5% of the respondent are Islam and followed by 4. 5% respondent are buddha. Meanwhile, in terms of level education, 21. % of the respondents are SPM, 25. 5% of STPM, 19. 5% of Diploma, 30. 0% of Bachelor and 4. 0% of Master. The majority of respondents are married which indicated 79. 5%, 19. 0% are single and followed by others 1. 5%. Reviewing on the ageââ¬Ës profile, 15. 0% of respondents were in the ages between 21 ââ¬â 30 years old, 38 . 5% were between 31 ââ¬â 40 years old, 34. 5% were the age of 41 ââ¬â 50 years old and 12. 0% the age of 51 years old above. From the salaryââ¬â¢s profile, 4. 5% of respondents were below RM 1000, 32. 0% were between RM1001 ââ¬â RM2000, 33. 0% were between RM2001 ââ¬â RM 3000, 15. 5% were between RM 3001 ââ¬â RM 4000, 11. 0% were between RM 4001 ââ¬â RM 5000 and 4. % were RM 5001 and above. Reviewing on the sectorââ¬Ës profile, 30. 0% of respondents were in the Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan Pembangunan, 14. 5% were in Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah, 16. 0% were in Sektor Pengurusan Akedemik, 5. 0% were in Sektor Pengurusan Pembangunan Kemanusiaan, 10. 0% were in Sektor Pendidikan Islam, 13. 0% were in Sektor Penilaian dan 25 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Peperiksaan, 5. 0% were in Sektor Jaminan Kualiti, 6. 5% were in Sektor Psikologi Kaunseling and 2. 5% were in Se ktor ICT. Meanwhile, in terms of used others islamic financial product, 25. % of respondent were in islamic vehicle financing, 17. 0% were in islamic house financing, 14. 0% were in islamic personal financing, 14. 5% were in islamic credit card and 29. 0% were in takaful. 26 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 2 ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY The important of the reliability of a measure is to determine the stability and consistency the questions that are distributed to the respondents. This reliability is to test the goodness of the data. Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha is most common used to measure the reliability. The closer Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha is to 1, is the better. In almost every case, Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha is an adequate test of internal consistency reliability. In this study, the results of reliability test are shown in the table that had separate according to each of the variables. Reliability of measure is established by testing for both consistency and stability. RELIABILITY Less than 0. 6 Range 0. 7 Over 0. 8 RANGES Poor Acceptable Good Source: Sekaran (2006) Alpha Coefficient Ranges ; 0. 6 0. 6 to ; 0. 7 0. 7 to ; 0. 8 0. 8 to ; 0. 9 0. 9 Strength of Association Poor Moderate Good Very Good Excellent Table 4. 2. 1: Ranges of Reliability 27 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 Reliability Analysis done when questions from all variables were well structured and can be understands by respondents. It happened and because the Cronbachââ¬â¢s Alpha for all variables higher than 0. 6. It means respondents answered the questions without bias, with consist ent and stable. The closer Alpha value is to 1, the higher the internal consistency reliability. The results of all variables Reliability Analysis were shown in table below: TABLE 4. 2. 2: Reliability Output for section B ââ¬â Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility Reliability Statistics Cronbachââ¬â¢s Cronbachââ¬â¢s N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 952 . 952 7 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Corrected Item Deleted Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation AC : AITAB is the best choice for vehicle financing AC : Recommed AITAB contract to others AC : Will Use again AITAB contract AC : AITAB is suitable with financial planning AC : As muslim, no choice expect AITAB contract AC : Willing to switch to AITAB AC : Understanding make accepting for AITAB 23. 89 23. 92 23. 94 23. 89 23. 98 23. 92 23. 85 25. 526 25. 566 25. 619 25. 606 25. 517 26. 279 25. 860 . 871 . 864 . 852 . 844 . 853 . 742 . 829 Squared Multiple Correlation . 803 . 795 . 812 . 806 . 744 . 591 . 730 Cronbachââ¬â¢s Alpha if Item Deleted . 942 . 942 . 943 . 944 . 943 . 952 . 945 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha for the 6 items show the reliability of 0. 952 which mean that this dependent variable is reliable. The result is excellent because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 9 is excellent. 28 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 3: Reliability Output for section C ââ¬â Perception Reliability Statistics Cronbachââ¬â¢s Cronbachââ¬â¢s N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 892 . 893 6 Scale Mean if Item Deleted PR : Known about AITAB PR : AITAB different from convensional hire purchase PR : Accordance with syariah guideline PR : Good alternative to acquire assets PR : 1% penalty charge for late payment is suitable PR : Use AITAB as first choice 19. 56 19. 34 19. 24 19. 33 19. 42 19. 10 Item-Total Statistics Scale Corrected Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation 14. 570 14. 778 14. 77 16. 421 14. 788 15. 413 . 724 . 783 . 768 . 637 . 681 . 694 Squared Multiple Correlation . 615 . 716 . 689 . 426 . 550 . 574 Cronbachââ¬â¢s Alpha if Item Deleted . 872 . 862 . 865 . 885 . 880 . 876 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha for the 6 items of perception show the reliability of 0. 892 which mean that this independent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 29 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 4: Reliability Output for section C ââ¬â Competency Reliability Statistics Cronbachââ¬â¢s Cronbachââ¬â¢s N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 859 . 861 5 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Corrected Item Deleted Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation CM : Car dealers inform no different between AITAB and conventional hire purchase CM : Car dealers lack of information and knowladge about AITAB CM : Car dealers only thinking their sales bonus CM : Bank officer respect your dicision to use AITAB contract CM : Bank officer give good respond on request use AITAB Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbachââ¬â¢s Alpha if Item Deleted 15. 13 9. 983 .728 .628 .815 15. 14 10. 218 .671 .579 .831 14. 87 9. 846 .721 .548 .818 14. 93 11. 497 .645 .725 .838 14. 93 11. 597 .631 .727 .841 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha for the 5 of competency show the reliability of 0. 859 which mean that this dependent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 30 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 5: Reliability Output for section C ââ¬â Awareness Reliability Statistics Cronbachââ¬â¢s Cronbachââ¬â¢s N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 897 . 900 6 Scale Mean if Item Deleted AW : Know existance of islamic banking AW : Know AITAB is one of islamic finance product AW : AITAB is replace for onventional hire purchase AW : Know about 1% charge if late payment AW : Know about AITAB had been use by non muslim AW : Know about last payment in AITAB is for payment buying asset 18. 80 19. 07 Item-Total Statistics Scale Corrected Variance if Item-Total Item Delet ed Correlation 17. 347 16. 538 . 660 . 753 Squared Multiple Correlation . 535 . 695 Cronbachââ¬â¢s Alpha if Item Deleted . 888 . 875 19. 20 19. 19 19. 19 17. 005 15. 592 15. 361 .756 . 734 . 745 .656 . 592 . 629 .876 . 878 . 876 19. 38 16. 085 .714 .585 .881 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachââ¬â¢s alpha for the 6 items of awareness show the reliability of 0. 897 which mean that this independent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 31 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 3 CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS Correlation analysis is used for explained whether there is an existence of association and the strength of the relationship between the independent variables (perception, competency, and awareness) towards the dependent variable (acceptance of islamic hire purchase facility). Sekaran (2006) suggested that it would be appropriated to use Pearson Correlation Matrix where it is the first issues to determine is whether the correlation coefficient is statistically significant or not significant. The rules of thumb have been proposed to characterize the strength of the association between variables, based on the absolute size of the correlation coefficient. Correlation between Are said to be 0. 8 and 1. 0 Very Strong 0. 6 and 0. 8 Strong 0. 4 and 0. 6 Moderate 0. 2 and 0. 4 Weak 0 and 0. 2 Very Weak Table 4. 3. 1: Rule of Thumb of Correlation Coefficient Size 32 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Perception 1 Mean Of Acceptance . 789** . 000 200 1 200 Pearson Correlation Mean Of Perception Sig. (1-tailed) N 200 Pearson Correlation . 789** Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) . 00 Acceptance N 200 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Table 4. 3. 2 : Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Perception and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between selection decision and service quality. The result of Pearson Corre lation tests showed that there is a strong significant relationship (0. 789) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p ; 0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 789, p ; 0. 0001, one-tailed 33 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Competency Mean Of Competency Pearson Correlation Sig. (1-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (1-tailed) N 1 200 . 724** . 000 200 Mean Of Acceptance . 724** . 000 200 1 200 Mean Of Acceptance **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Table 4. 3. 3 : Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Competency and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between competency and acceptance. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a strong significant relationship (0. 24) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p=0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 724, p;0. 0001, one-tailed 34 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Awareness Pearson 1 Correlation Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) Awareness N 200 Pearson . 837** Correlation Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) . 000 Acceptance N 200 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Mean Of Acceptance . 837** . 000 200 1 200 Table 4. 3. : Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Awareness and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between awareness and acceptance. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a very strong significant relationship (0. 837) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p=0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 837 , p;0. 0001, one-tailed 35 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajara n Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS Regression is another technique for measuring the linear association between dependent and independent variables. It become as a subsequent after the correlation coefficient measure. Although regression and correlation are closely related, regression assumes the dependent variable is predicatively linked to the independent variable. The result of the Regression analysis were shown as below. Table 4. 4. 1 : Regressions ââ¬â Model Summary Model Summaryb R Square Adjusted R Square . 753 . 750 Model 1 R . 868a Std. Error of the Estimate . 421 a. Predictors: (Constant), Mean Of Awareness, Mean Of Competency, Mean Of Perception b. Dependent Variable: Mean Of Acceptance 4. 4. 2: ANOVA ANOVAa Model Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 106. 215 34. 781 140. 996 df 3 196 199 Mean Square 35. 405 . 177 F 199. 518 Sig. .000b 1 a. Dependent Variable: Mean Of Acceptance b. Predictors: (Constant), Mean Of Awareness, Mean Of Competency, Mean Of Perception 36 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Table 4. 4. 3 : Coefficient Coefficientsa Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B Std. Beta Error . 161 . 162 . 229 . 218 . 496 Model t Sig. Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF (Constant) Mean Of . 251 . 072 Perception 1 Mean Of . 229 . 055 Competency Mean Of . 522 . 069 Awareness a. Dependent Variable: Mean Of Acceptance .997 3. 502 4. 195 7. 535 .320 . 001 . 000 . 000 . 294 . 466 . 291 3. 406 2. 144 3. 437 Regression analysis were employed to test the influence of three important variable of interest namely perception, competency and awareness. The r-square statistics in the model of summary is 0. 753 or 75. 3%. This implies that 75. 3% of the variation or changes in the dependent variable i. e. acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility can be attributed to the three independent variables; however the remaining 24. 7% is not known and need further investigation. The significance level produced by the ANOVA table showed that the p value is less than 0. 05 implying that the model is valid and the result of the relationship is not by chance. Therefore we reject the null hypothesis. Finally, researcher found that the three independent variables, perception, competency and awareness have provided enough evidence to influence the acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility. 37 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING Insignificant = Accept Null Hypothesis (Ho) / Reject Alternate Hypothesis (H1) Significant = Accept Alternate Hypothesis (H1) / Reject Null Hypothesis (Ho) P ; 0. 05 P ; 0. 05 After made several analyses to all variables for this study, all hypotheses should be discussed to determine its relevancy and whether it is supported or not. For this study, Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to assess the relationship between independent and dependent variable. Hypothesis 1 (Perception) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. The result from Pearson correlation shows perception significantly has positive correlated to acceptance at the relationship (r =0. 789). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. Hypothesis 2 (Competency) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. The result from Pearson correlation shows competency significantly has positive correlated to acceptan ce of Islamic hire purchase facility at the relationship (r =0. 724). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. 38 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Hypothesis 3 (Awareness) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. The result from Pearson correlation shows awareness significantly has positive correlated to acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility at the relationship (r =0. 837). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. 39 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER F IVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5. 0 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the major findings of this study and to identify whether the finding met with the result conducted. Besides that, the researcher also gives some suggestions and ideas from the result. 5. 1 CONCLUSION In this research, hypothesis was initially tested by using the correlation coefficient to determine its significant level. From the analysis, the results indicated that all the three independent variables in the hypotheses were found to be significant at the 0. 01 level of significant at the (1 tailed). In order to substantiate the hypotheses, the multiple regression analysis was further analyzed. The R-square (R2) value of the model indicates 75. 3% of the variations explained the all independent variable whereas the remaining 24. % cannot be explained and needed further exploration in terms of other concepts which were not included in the study. As a conclusion, all the independent variables have relationship based on the correlation analysis. Awareness was the m ost factors determinant acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan followed by perception and competency. 40 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 5. 2 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings result, the researcher has provided some of the recommendations for this study in order to overcome the problem faced. First of all, this research was successfully done to know the relationships between those independents and dependent variable. Perception Provide Islamic Hire Purchase facility (AITAB) information. Information about Islamic Hire Purchase facility should be easy to find by everybody because majority workers can effort to buy a car. Thus, information should be easily access by consumer in order to get a clear view about Islamic hire purchase facility. For example, Bank Negera Malaysia through website, information about Islamic Hire Purchase facility can be downloaded by anyone. Competency Training the staff Customer is How to cite Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility, Papers clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-80780678211950063482020-04-27T18:35:00.001-07:002020-04-27T18:35:03.145-07:00Peter Brook Essay ExamplePeter Brook Paper How do you think that Peter Brook has employed the ideas/techniques of the practitioners detailed in Mitters study? Please refer to Brooks own writings, particularly The Shifting Point, in answering this question. Peter Brook is one of the worlds most famous directors and has much in-depth knowledge and experience of the theatre. Brook is a key figure in modern theatre, building on the innovations of earlier practitioners and continuing that uniquely twentieth century institution, the directors theatre. (Halfyard, 2000:http://www.maxopus. com/essays/8songs_m. htm) Brook is known as the leading director of his generation (Peter Hall) and he claims he can take any empty space and call it a bare stage, but where did he get his inspiration? Who are his influences? In this essay, I am going to try and find any similarities between Brooks theatre techniques and those of Konstantin Stanislavsky, Bertolt Brecht and Jerzy Grotowski. I am looking for if he has more preference towards one of these directors or uses a combination of each of their rehearsal methods with his actors. Shomit Mitters study, Systems of Rehearsal, looks at the process of rehearsal according to Brook, associating his rehearsal techniques with those created by Stanislavsky, Grotowski and Brecht. In Mitters introduction at first, I felt a sense of criticism towards Brook; Brook seemed to me more a mimic than an inventor (Mitter, 1992:30) and he mentions the extent of Brooks debt to each of the above directors. Although in the latter part of Mitters introduction, he goes on to say that it is extraordinary how Brook showed such a likeness with such completely different directors: We will write a custom essay sample on Peter Brook specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peter Brook specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peter Brook specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I began to feel that his ability to absorb the influence of vastly dissimilar theatres could only be seen as an achievement. (Mitter, 1992:4) In Brooks study The Shifting Point, looking back on his career in theatre, he speaks about a misunderstanding that exists in theatre which is the assumption that theatrical process falls into two stages; the first: making, and the second: selling. Brook then shows disagreement with Stanislavsky: Even in the title of Stanislavskys great work Building a Character, this misunderstanding persists, implying that a character can be built up like a wall, until one day the last brick is laid and the character is complete. To my mind, it is just the opposite. I would say that the process consists not of two stages but of two phases. First: preparation. Second: birth. This is very different. (Brook, 1987:7) In one of the very few references to Stanislavsky in Brooks book The Empty Space, Brook describes this same subject very briefly, explaining that a character isnt a static thing and it cant be built like a wall. (Brook, 1968:114) This emphasis on how he wants to shape his actors, prove that he wants his actors to be constantly learning, encountering new approaches to acting and experiencing different practical exercises within the rehearsal process. Brook does not refer to Stanislavsky as often as I expected in both The Shifting Point and The Empty Space, whereas Mitters first chapter in his book shows immense comparison between Stanislavsky and Brook. Like Stanislavsky, Brook believes that the entire corpus of objectively available material on the character is insufficient. The actors need a far more detailed picture of the world in which their characters live. (Mitter, 1992:28) This method Stanislavsky employed consisted of questioning each actor and asking each one about their characters lives; the information that was not written in the text. The actors, for example, were asked to answer questions about their individual characters family members, the characters profession and where they lived. The questions were created to give a personal view into the character, thinking how they thought and recognising the depth of the character. In order to be, the actor must feel, and in order to feel, the actor must move from the self to the play via the mind. (Mitter,1992:11) Stanislavsky had accepted how set-design could play in creating emotion. Brook also uses the set to help create emotion; Instead of standing their ground four-square they will now run up and down ladders The life of these exchanges is, at the last, not to come from the actors words but from their actions. Rhythm and impulse, unfound in the lines, will be found in the ladders. (Mitter,1992:38, from The Making of A Midsummer Nights Dream) This meant that whilst the actors were physically climbing up and down the ladders, it was affecting the pace and the impact of the lines spoken; resulting in what Brook required from the start. He had found a way, physiologically rather than psychologically, to generate what he required from the actors. One would note Brooks repeated insistence that he doesnt want things acted. Echoing precisely Grotowskis claim that acting is abandoned in his theatre. (Mitter, 1992:108) Here, Mitter is describing a similarity Brook has to Jerzy Grotowski; how both their ideal theatre performances are true to life. Brook asked his actors not to perform, not to characterise and do a movement as an everyday person would without exaggerating. The actors arent acting, they are being. (Mitter,1992:109, from Peter Brook: A Theatrical Casebook, 1988) Brooks association with these ideas returns in The Shifting Point: A real person is someone who is open in all parts of himself, a person who has developed himself to the point where he can open himself completely- with his body, with his intelligence, with his feelings, so that none of these channels are blocked. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-5911858813805423332020-03-19T15:07:00.001-07:002020-03-19T15:07:03.866-07:00Biography of Mahmud of Ghazni, First Sultan in HistoryBiography of Mahmud of Ghazni, First Sultan in History Mahmud of Ghazni (Nov. 2, 971ââ¬âApril 30, 1030), the first ruler in history to assume the title of sultan, founded the Ghaznavid Empire. His title signified that the Muslim Caliph remained the religious leader of the empire despite being the political leader of a vast swath of land, encompassing much of what is now Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. Fast Facts: Mahmud of Ghazni Known For: First sultan in historyAlso Known As: Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn SabukteginBorn: Nov. 2, 971 in Ghazna,à Zabulistan,à Samanid EmpireParents: Abu Mansur Sabuktigin, Mahmud-i Zavulià Died: April 30, 1030 in GhaznaHonor: Pakistan named itsà short-range ballistic missileà theà Ghaznavi Missileà in his honor.Spouse: Kausari JahanChildren: Mohammadà andà Masud (twins) Early Life On Nov. 2, 971, Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktegin, better known as Mahmud of Ghazni, was born in the town of Ghazna (now known as Ghazni), in southeast Afghanistan. His father Abu Mansur Sabuktegin was Turkic, a former Mamluk warrior-slave from Ghazni. When the Samanid dynasty, based in Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan) began to crumble, Sabuktegin seized control of his hometown of Ghazni in 977. He then conquered other major Afghan cities, such as Kandahar. His kingdom formed the core of the Ghaznavid Empire, and he is credited with founding the dynasty. Not much is known about Mahmud of Ghaznis childhood. He had two younger brothers; the second one, Ismail, was born to Sabuktegins principal wife. The fact that she, unlike Mahmuds mother, was a free-born woman of noble blood would turn out to be key in the question of succession when Sabuktegin died during a military campaign in 997. Rise to Power On his deathbed, Sabuktegin passed over his militarily and diplomatically skilled eldest son Mahmud, 27, in favor of the second son, Ismail. It seems likely that he chose Ismail because he was not descended from slaves on both sides, unlike the elder and younger brothers. When Mahmud, who was stationed at Nishapur (now in Iran), heard of his brothers appointment to the throne, he immediately marched east to challenge Ismails right to rule. Mahmud overcame his brothers supporters in 998, seized Ghazni, took the throne for himself, and placed his younger brother under house arrest for the rest of his life. The new sultan would rule until his own death in 1030. Expanding the Empire Mahmuds early conquests expanded the Ghaznavid realm to roughly the same footprint as the ancient Kushan Empire. He employed typical Central Asian military techniques and tactics, relying primarily on a highly mobile horse-mounted cavalry, armed with compound bows. By 1001, Mahmud had turned his attention to the fertile lands of the Punjab, now in India, which lay southeast of his empire. The target region belonged to fierce but fractious Hindu Rajput kings, who refused to coordinate their defense against the Muslim threat from Afghanistan. In addition, the Rajputs used a combination of infantry and elephant-mounted cavalry, a formidable but slower-moving form of army than the Ghaznavids horse cavalry. Ruling a Huge State Over the next three decades, Mahmud of Ghazni would make more than a dozen military strikes into Hindu and Ismaili kingdoms to the south. By the time of his death, Mahmuds empire stretched to the shores of the Indian Ocean at southern Gujarat. Mahmud appointed local vassal kings to rule in his name in many of the conquered regions, easing relations with non-Muslim populations. He also welcomed Hindu and Ismaili soldiers and officers into his army. However, as the cost of constant expansion and warfare began to strain the Ghaznavid treasury in the later years of his reign, Mahmud ordered his troops to target Hindu temples and strip them of vast quantities of gold. Domestic Policies The Sultan Mahmud loved books and honored learned men. In his home base at Ghazni, he built a library to rival that of the Abbasid caliphs court in Baghdad, now in Iraq. Mahmud of Ghazni also sponsored the construction of universities, palaces, and grand mosques, making his capital city the jewel of Central Asia. Final Campaign and Death In 1026, the 55-year-old sultan set out to invade the state of Kathiawar, on Indias west (Arabian Sea) coast. His army drove as far south as Somnath, famous for its beautiful temple to the Lord Shiva. Although Mahmuds troops successfully captured Somnath, looting and destroying the temple, there was troubling news from Afghanistan. A number of other Turkic tribes had risen up to challenge Ghaznavid rule, including the Seljuk Turks, who had already captured Merv (Turkmenistan) and Nishapur (Iran). These challengers had already begun to nibble away at the edges of the Ghaznavid Empire by the time Mahmud died on April 30, 1030. The sultan was 59 years old. Legacy Mahmud of Ghazni left behind a mixed legacy. His empire would survive until 1187, although it began to crumble from west to east even before his death. In 1151, the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni itself, fleeing to Lahore (now in Pakistan). The Sultan Mahmud spent much of his life battling against what he called infidels- Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Muslim splinter-groups such as the Ismailis. In fact, the Ismailis seem to have been a particular target of his wrath, since Mahmud (and his nominal overlord, the Abbasid caliph) considered them heretics. Nonetheless, Mahmud of Ghazni seems to have tolerated non-Muslim people so long as they did not oppose him militarily. This record of relative tolerance would continue into the following Muslim empires in India: the Delhi Sultanate (1206ââ¬â1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526ââ¬â1857). Sources Duiker, William J. Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History, Vol. 1, Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2006.Mahmud Of Ghazni. Afghan Network.Nazim, Muhammad. The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, CUP Archive, 1931.Ramachandran, Sudha. ââ¬Å"Asias Missiles Strike at the Heart.â⬠à Asia Times Online., Asia Times, 3 Sept. 2005. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-58784068627823606992020-03-03T06:53:00.001-08:002020-03-03T06:53:05.274-08:00Facts and History About the Country of CambodiaFacts and History About the Country of Cambodia The 20th century was disastrous for Cambodia. The country was occupied by Japan in World War II and became collateral damage in the Vietnam War, with secret bombings and cross-border incursions. In 1975, the Khmer Rouge regime seized power; they would murder approximately 1/5 of their own citizens in a mad frenzy of violence. Yet not all of Cambodian history is dark and blood-drenched. Between the 9th and 13th centuries, Cambodia was home to the Khmer Empire, which left behind incredible monuments such as Angkor Wat. Hopefully, the 21st century will be much kinder to the people of Cambodia than the last one was. Capital: Phnom Pehn, population 1,300,000 Cities: Battambang, population 1,025,000, Sihanoukville, population 235,000, Siem Reap, population 140,000, Kampong Cham, population 64,000 Cambodias Government Cambodia has a constitutional monarchy, with King Norodom Sihamoni as the current head of state. The Prime Minister is the head of government.à The current Prime Minister of Cambodia is Hun Sen, who was elected in 1998.à Legislative power is shared between the executive branch and the bicameral parliament, made up of the 123-member National Assembly of Cambodia and the 58-member Senate. Cambodia has a semi-functional multi-party representative democracy. Unfortunately, corruption is rampant and the government is non-transparent. Population Cambodias population is about 15,458,000 (2014 estimate).à The vast majority, 90%, are ethnic Khmer. Approximately 5% are Vietnamese, 1% Chinese, and the remaining 4% includes small populations of Chams (a Malay people), Jarai, Khmer Loeu, and Europeans. Due to the massacres of the Khmer Rouge era, Cambodia has a very young population. The median age is 21.7 years, and only 3.6% of the population is over the age of 65. (In comparison, 12.6% of US citizens are over 65.) Cambodias birth rate is 3.37 per woman; the infant mortality rate is 56.6 per 1,000 live births.à The literacy rate is 73.6%. Languages The official language of Cambodia is Khmer, which is part of the Mon-Khmer language family. Unlike nearby languages such as Thai, Vietnamese and Lao, spoken Khmer is not tonal. Written Khmer has a unique script, called abugida. Other languages in common use in Cambodia include French, Vietnamese, and English. Religion Most Cambodians (95%) today are Theravada Buddhists. This austere version of Buddhism became prevalent in Cambodia in the thirteenth century, displacing the combination of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism that was practiced previously. Modern Cambodia also has Muslim citizens (3%) and Christians (2%). Some people practice traditions derived from animism as well, alongside their primary faith. Geography Cambodia has an area of 181,040 square kilometers or 69,900 square miles. It is bordered by Thailand to the west and north, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east and south. Cambodia also has a 443 kilometer (275 miles) coastline on the Gulf of Thailand. The highest point in Cambodia is Phnum Aoral, at 1,810 meters (5,938 feet). The lowest point is the Gulf of Thailand coast, at sea level. West-central Cambodia is dominated by Tonle Sap, a large lake. During the dry season, its area is about 2,700 square kilometers (1,042 square miles), but during the monsoon season, it swells to 16,000 sq. km (6,177 sq. miles). Climate Cambodia has a tropical climate, with a rainy monsoon season from May to November, and a dry season from December to April. Temperatures dont vary much from season to season; the range is 21-31à °C (70-88à °F) in the dry season, and 24-35à °C (75-95à °F) in the wet season. Precipitation varies from just a trace in the dry season to over 250 cm (10 inches) in October. Economy The Cambodian economy is small, but growing quickly. In the 21st century, the annual growth rate has been between 5 and 9%. The GDP in 2007 was $8.3 billion US or $571 per capita. 35% of Cambodians live below the poverty line. The Cambodian economy is based primarily on agriculture and tourism- 75% of the workforce are farmers. Other industries include textiles manufacturing, and extraction of natural resources (timber, rubber, manganese, phosphate, and gems). Both the Cambodian rial and the US dollar are used in Cambodia, with the rial mostly given as change. The exchange rate is $1 4,128 KHR (October 2008 rate). History of Cambodia Human settlement in Cambodia dates back at least 7,000 years, and probably much farther. Early Kingdoms Chinese sources from the first century A.D. describe a powerful kingdom called Funan in Cambodia, which was strongly influenced by India. Funan went into decline in the 6th century A.D., and was supplanted by a group of ethnically-Khmer kingdoms that the Chinese refer to as Chenla. The Khmer Empire In 790, Prince Jayavarman II founded a new empire, the first to unite Cambodia as a political entity. This was the Khmer Empire, which lasted until 1431. The crown jewel of the Khmer Empire was the city of Angkor, centered around the temple of Angkor Wat. Construction began in the 890s, and Angkor served as the seat of power for more than 500 years. At its height, Angkor covered more area than modern-day New York City. Fall of the Khmer Empire After 1220, the Khmer Empire began to decline. It was attacked repeatedly by the neighboring Tai (Thai) people, and the beautiful city of Angkor was abandoned by the end of the 16th century. Thai and Vietnamese Rule After the fall of the Khmer Empire, Cambodia came under the control of the neighboring Tai and Vietnamese kingdoms. These two powers competed for influence until 1863, when France took control of Cambodia. French Rule The French ruled Cambodia for a century but viewed it as a subsidiary of the more important colony of Vietnam. During World War II, the Japanese occupied Cambodia but left the Vichy French in charge. The Japanese promoted Khmer nationalism and pan-Asian ideas. After Japans defeat, the Free French sought renewed control over Indochina. The rise of nationalism during the war, however, forced France to offer increasing self-rule to the Cambodians until independence in 1953. Independent Cambodia Prince Sihanouk ruled newly-free Cambodia until 1970 when he was deposed during the Cambodian Civil War (1967-1975). This war pitted communist forces, called the Khmer Rouge, against the US-backed Cambodian government. In 1975 the Khmer Rouge won the civil war, and under Pol Pot set to work creating an agrarian communist utopia by exterminating political opponents, monks and priests, and educated people in general. Just four years of Khmer Rouge rule left 1 to 2 million Cambodians dead- about 1/5 of the population. Vietnam attacked Cambodia and captured Phnom Penh in 1979, withdrawing only in 1989. The Khmer Rouge fought on as guerrillas until 1999. Today, though, Cambodia is a peaceful and democratic nation. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-23397637979394491102020-02-15T22:18:00.001-08:002020-02-15T22:18:03.302-08:00The Food Sector of Saudi Arabia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 wordsThe Food Sector of Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example There is also scope for seeing a wider and diverse range of products apart from the available food products. With average annual sales of 3.5 billion dollars, this sector offers a lot of insights as well as opportunities for strategic marketing. The growth of the food industry in Arab can be seen from the fact that more and more international food organizations are launching their products and services in Saudi Arabia. This can be attributed to the changing food habits of the overall population, increasing demand for diversity in food, etc. The island of oil has seen a gradual shift in the food habits of Arab populations. With the rise in economy and increasing percentage of younger populations, the overall choice and taste for food has changed. More and more population is now opting for outside food outlets, such as restaurants and hotels. As women entrepreneurs and workers are increasing in numbers, home cooked food is being replaced by ordered food. The overall preference of Arab population is shifting towards eating out. This can be seen from the increasing marketing strategies adopted by Arab restaurants. The overall food and drinks purchased by restaurants in Saudi Arabia have seen a 12 percent year on year increase. As more and more people are opting out, the restaurants are also increasing their overall range of food products. Restaurants and hotels in Saudi Arabia have also categorized their food and beverages department according to the target population. Different menus and cuisines are prepared and served for locals as well as tourists in the restaurants. Thus, it can be said that food industry has become a burgeoning sector in Saudi Arabia, provided it is supported by proper marketing and branding activities. However, it is also important to highlight the negative effects of such a change in food preferences. Though outside food is becoming popular as a result of factor such as time saved, convenience, variety etc, it is also true that the overall quality of food is getting compromised. As a result, health concerns among general population are on the rise. Recent government reports have suggested that there has been a rise in obesity and diabetes, basically arising from irregular and unhealthy eating habits. Researchers have also shown that average percentage of obese children have increased in the past five years. Now all of the above facts pose a serious threat on the general health of the Arab population. Thus, it has been important for the government as well as the organizations to educate society in terms of healthy food and healthy lifestyle. Like other organizations in the food sector in Arab, Arzaq also faces few challenges and concerns in terms of marketing its food products. It can be seen that Saudi Arabia has become a hub for international food. Thus, in order to expand its customer base and gain market share as well as brand recognition, Arzaq will have to opt for strategic marketing activities.à à clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-30517753371798596772020-02-02T13:30:00.001-08:002020-02-02T13:30:02.871-08:00Management in a Globailsed world Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1Management in a Globailsed world - Assignment Example The movement of goods and services is usually carried across different countries. Most of the businesses engaging in the trade are multinationals and to some extent, the smaller established companies. In addition, globalization entails the movement of human resources that includes labor across various countries. Labor is an important part of an organization since a business needs the right workforce to make it in any business environment. Some of the organization may move their compatriots in major positions before they offer them to those of the host country. As such, the companies to prevent conflicts with the government follow various laws that affect such activities. The movement of labor usually brings people of different languages and backgrounds together. The culture of the people is thus different, and, therefore, there is need to make sure communication is improved between the workers. For there to be an understanding, there should be an improvement in the communication. The refore, the common ground is that the language is an issue and therefore bringing the people together and using various communication channels to help in bringing unity among the workers. Globalization, for example, can be evidenced by various multinationals like Coca Cola since they set up their business in developing countries and end up imposing the western culture on the people especially those that work in the companies. The people thus have to learn the various cultures of the foreign businesses. Macro level deals with what is required of the organization in adhering to various regulations in the host country. The micro level deals with the interests of the employees, mainly expatriates. The interests of the expatriates in terms of security and other issues that may affect them in the host country are looked into by the organization. The expatriate is taken to be working 24 hours for the company and therefore if clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-86558667248368322962020-01-25T09:54:00.001-08:002020-01-25T09:54:04.026-08:00Speech Recognition using Epochwise Back PropagationSpeech Recognition using Epochwise Back Propagation International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 ââ¬â 8887) Volume *ââ¬â No.*, ___________ 2013 Speech Recognition using the Epochwise Back Propagation through time Algorithm Neelima Rajput S.K.Verma Department of C.S.E. Department of C.S.E. GBPEC, Pauri Gharwal, GBPEC, Pauri Gharwal, Uttrakhand, India. Uttrakhand, India ABSTRACT In this paper, artificial neural networks are used to accomplish the English alphabet speech recognition. The challenging issue in the area of speech recognition is to design an accurate and effective speech recognition system. We implemented a new data classification method, where we use neural networks, which are trained using the calculated epoch values of audio signal. This method gave comparable result to the already implemented neural networks. In this paper, Back propagation neural network architecture used to recognize the time varying input data, and provides better accurate results for the English Alphabet speech recognition. The Epochwise Back Propagation through time (BPTT) algorithm uses the epoch values of input signal to train the network structures and yields the satisfactory results. Keywords Artificial Neural Network, Back Propagation Neural Network, Epoch, Speech Recognition. I INTRODUCTION Speech recognition system enables the machine to understand the human speech and react accordingly. It allows the machine to automatically understand the human spoken utterances with the speech signal processing and pattern recognition. In this approach is the machine converts the voice signal into the suitable text or command through the process of identification and understanding. Speech recognition is emerges as a vast technology in current time. It also plays an important role in information theory, acoustics, phonetics, linguistics, and pattern recognition theory and neurobiology disciplines. speech recognition technology become a key technology in the computer information processing technology as there is rapid advancement in the software, hardware and information technology. The features of input audio signal are compared with the voice template stored in the computer database in speech recognition system by using the computer systems. Recognition results are mainly depends up on the matching techniques used for matching the audio signal characteristics. To improve the recognition rate and better recognition results neural networks are used. A neural network is a powerful tool which used to adapt and represent the complicated input outputs. Neural nets are basically interconnected networks of relatively simple processing units, or nodes that work simultaneously. They are designed to mimic the function of human neuron biological networks. The processing units of neural networks are termed as neurons. A neural network provides better results over the existing approaches in speech recognition systems [1]. 2 BASICS OF NEURAL NETWORKS The basics of neural networks are discussed as follows. There are many different types of neural networks, but they all have four basic and common attributes: â⬠¢ Processing units â⬠¢ Connections â⬠¢ Computing procedure â⬠¢ Training procedure . Processing Units A neural network contains several processing units, which are roughly analogous to neurons in the human brain. All these units activate in parallel and perform the task simultaneously. Processing units are responsible for the overall computation; there is no any other unit for the corporation of their activity. Each processing unit computes a scalar function of all its local inputs at every moment of time and then further broadcast the result to their neighboring units [2]. The units in a neural network are basically classified into input units, which used to receive data from the outside; hidden units, used to internally transform the data; and output units, which serve decisions or target signals. 2.2 Connections All processing units in a neural network are organized in to a defined topology by a set of connections, or weights, shown as lines in a diagram. Each weight consist a real value, which ranging from âËž to + âËž. The value of a weight represents how much impact a unit has on its neighbor units a positive weight causes one unit to excite another, while a negative weight causes one unit to inhibit another. Weights of the processing units are usually one-directional (from input units towards output units), but it may be two-directional sometimes, especially when there is no distinction between input and output units. Figure 1.Neural network topologies: (a) unstructured, (b) layered, (c) recurrent, (d) modular [3]. The above figure shows the topology of different neural networks. Unstructured Neural Network is mainly used in processor which is operated in parallel to provide the computational power for the speech recognition system. Layered neural net algorithms are self-organizing and their internal speech model maximizes the performance and produces better results comparable to existing systems. Recurrent Neural network are mainly used in pattern sequencing as it follows the sequences changes time to time. Modular neural network are used in designing of complex systems by using simple components. Neural nets offer an approach to computation that mimics biological nervous systems. Algorithms based on neural nets have been proposed to address speech recognition tasks which humans perform with little apparent effort. 2.3 Computation Procedure Computation of neural networks begins after applying an input data to the input units of the network. Then the activation function of all the units is calculated either simultaneously or independently depends upon the structure of the neural network. The computation process in the unstructured network is termed as spreading activation and in layered network is known as forward propagation as it proceed from the input units to the output units. First we compute the net input of the processing unit and then we compute the output activation function of the net input to update a given processing unit. 2.4 Training Procedure Training a network means enable the connections adaptive so that the network shows the actual computational behavior for all the input patterns. In training process usually weights are updated but sometimes the modification of network topology also takes place, i.e., addition and deletion of connections from the network topology [4]. Modification of weight is easy and beneficial than topology modification as a network with bulk connections able to set any of its weight zero, which is equivalent as deleting such weights. 3. RELATED WORK The past research concluded that the use of the neural networks in the speech recognition system provides the better recognition result compared to the other existing approaches. The latest study of neural networks actually started in the 19th century, when neurobiologists first introduce the extensive studies of the human nervous system [5]. Cajal (1892) determined that the nervous system is comprised of some basic units i.e. discrete neurons, which communicate with the other neurons by sending electrical signals down their long axons, which ultimately activated and touch the dendrites(receptive areas) of thousands of other neurons, transmitting the electrical signals through synapses (points of contact, with variable resistance). Firstly, the different kinds of neurons were identified, and then analyze their electrical responses, and finally their patterns of connectivity and the brainââ¬â¢sgross functional areas were mapped out. According to the neurobiologists study the functi onality of individual neurons are quite simple and easy. Whereas to determine how neurons worked together to achieve high level functionality, such as perception and cognition are very difficult.[6] In 1943 McCulloch and Pitts proposed the first enumeration model of a neuron, named as binary threshold unit, whose output was either 0 or 1 depending on whether its net input exceeded a given threshold. There are various approaches proposed by the researchers to design an accurate speech recognition system for various purposes. In [7] Al-Alaoui algorithm is used to train the neural network. This method gives the comparable better results to the already implemented hidden markov model (HMM) for the recognition of the words. This algorithm also overcomes the disadvantages of the HMM in the recognition of sentences. An algorithm based on neural network classifier [8] for speech recognition used a new Viterbi net architecture which is recognized the input patterns and provided an accuracy of recognition rate more than 99% on a large speech database. This system is used for isolated word recognizer. In [9] author accomplishes the isolated word speech recognition using the neural network. The methodology of this approach is to extract the feature of speech signals using the Digital Signal Processing techniques and then classification using the Artificial Neural Network. This algorithm concluded that the better accurate recognition results are obtained from the probalistic Neural Network PNN. In [10] author implemented a pre- trained deep neural network using the hidden markov model (DNN-HMM) hybrid architecture which is used to train the DNN to produce the better recognition results of large vocabulary speech database. 4. PROPOSED WORK Speech recognition using the Epochwise Back propagation through time algorithm is proposed in this paper.In the proposed system neural network training is based on the calculation of epoch of the audio signal and then used these epoch value for the training of the neural network. The input data sets used to train the neural network can be partitioned in to the independent epochs. Each epoch representing a temporal value of the input data. Back propagationneural network used in the system in following steps. First choose and fix the architecture for the network, which will contain input, hidden and output units, all of which will contain sigmoid functions. Assign the weights between all the nodes. The assignments of weights usually between -0.5 and 0.5. Each training example is used, one after another, to re-train the weights in the network. After calculating each epoch for input audio data, a termination condition is checked. In neural network architecture the weights of input and hidden layers are adjusted according to the target output values [11] The input data is considered as E which is propagated through the network so that we can record all the observed values Oi(E) for the output nodes Oi. At the same time, we record all the observed values hi(E) for the hidden nodes. Then, for each output unit Ok, we calculate its epoch as follows: (1) The epoch terms from the output units are used to calculate epoch terms for the hidden units. In fact, this method gets its name because we propagate this information backwards through the network [12]. For each hidden unit Hk, we calculate the epoch as follows: (2) Here, we take the epoch term for every output unit and multiply it by the weight from hidden unit Hk to the output unit. We then add all these together and multiply the sum by hk(E)*(1 hk(E)). Having calculated all the epoch values associated with each unit (hidden and output), we can now transfer this information into the weight changes Ãâij between units i and j. The calculation is as follows: for weights wij between input unit Ii and hidden unit Hj, and summation of all units are as: (3) Back Propagation Neural Network architecture is shown in below figure Fig.2 Back propagation Neural Network The main steps of this system are defined as follows. Read the input audio Signal. Extract the epoch values Train the neural network on the basis of epoch values. Applied the back propagation neural network for the classification. Matching the input data with the trained data. Recognized the input. The data flow diagram of the proposed system represented in given figure C Figure 2 Proposed approaches for Speech Recognition 5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The experiment conducted on the audio database of English alphabets. Matlab R2010a (Math works) in Windows 7 was used to implement the proposed algorithm. The input signal is used to calculate the epoch values and then by using calculated epoch values the neural network is trained.The epoch rate of multi-layered networks over a training set could be calculated as the number of miss-classified data values. There are many output nodes, all of which could potentially misfire (e.g., giving a value close to 1 when it should have output 0 and vice-versa), we can be more sophisticated in our epoch evaluation. In practice the overall network epoch is calculated as: This is not as complicated as it first appears. The calculation simply involves working out the difference between the observed output for each output unit and the target output and squaring this to make sure it is positive, then adding up all these squared differences for each output unit and for each input signal. The calculated epoch values for audio signal A is listed in tabular form. Table: 1 Calculated Epoch values for input data Then epoch values are basically instant of significant excitation of the vocal-tract system during production of speech. Table 1 represented the Epoch values for the input English alphabet A in terms of time in mili seconds. These epoch values are stored in the computer for the further matching by using the neural networks to the recognition purpose. Similarly, epoch values are calculated for each input English alphabet and then train the network through these input patterns and stored in the system for recognition Figure 3 Performance graphs of epoch values. The figure 3 shows the performance of the system based on epoch values. The best validation performance epoch value is selected from the different epoch on the basis of Mean Square error. The graph is plotted on epoch and means squared error values. Table: 2 Performance of the proposed system In Table: 2 the recognition rate is calculated for five input English alphabet which is 98.8%. The new proposed Epochwise Back propagation through time algorithm yields the satisfactory results. 6. CONCLUSION In this paper, we implemented the Epochwise Back propagation through the time varying epoch calculation. The experiment is conducted on the small set of English Language alphabet to calculate the recognition rate of the system. Some different sound samples (i.e., with different sampling frequency) of each alphabet are taken and used for testing the system. The above results show the performance of our proposed algorithm in speech recognition. 7. REFERENCES Jianliang Meng, Junwei Zhang,Haoquan Zhao, ââ¬Å"Overview of the speech Recognition Technologyâ⬠, 2012 Fourth International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences. L. Fausset, Fundamentals of Neural Networks. PrenticeHall Inc., 1994, ch 4. Jiang Ming Hu, in the Yuan Baozong, Lin Biqin. Neural networks for speech recognition research and progress. Telecommunications Science, 1997, 13(7):1-6. H. Boulard and N. Morgan, ââ¬Å"Continuous speech recognition by connectionist statistical methods,â⬠IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 893ââ¬â909, Nov. 1993. Mohamad Adnan Al-Alaoui, Lina Al-Kanj, Jimmy Azar, and Elias Yaacoub, ââ¬Å"Speech recognition using Artificial Neural Network and Hidden Markov Modelâ⬠, IEEE Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine Vol. 3, No.3, September 2008. RICHARD P. LIPPMANN, ââ¬Å"Neural Network Classifiers for Speech Recognitionâ⬠The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Volume 1, Number 1 (1988) Gulin Dede, Murat Husnu SazlÃâà ±, ââ¬Å"Speech recognition using artificial neural network.â⬠Digital signal processing à © 2009 Elsevier Inc. George E. Dahl, Dong Yu, Li Deng, Alex Acero,â⬠Context-Dependent Pre-Trained Deep Neural Networks for Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognitionâ⬠, IEEE Transaction on Audio, and Language Processing, Vol. 20, No.1, January 2012. H. Paugam-Moisy, ââ¬ËParallel neural computing based on network duplicatingââ¬â¢,in Parallel Algorithms for Digital Image Processing, Computer Vision and Neural Networks, ed., I. Pitas, 305ââ¬â340, JohnWiley, (1993). Stefano Scanzio, Sandro Cumani, Roberto Gemello, Franco Mana, P. Laface, ââ¬Å"Parallel implementation of Artificial Neural Network Training for Speech Recognition.â⬠Pattern recogonition letters, à © 2010 Elsevier B.V. N. Morgan and H. Bourlard, ââ¬Å"Continuous speech recognition using multilayer perceptrons with hidden Markov models,â⬠in Proc. ICASSP,1990, pp. 413ââ¬â416. Y. Hifny and S. Renals, ââ¬Å"Speech recognition using augmented conditional random fields,â⬠IEEE Trans. Audio, Speech, Lang. Process., vol.17, no. 2, pp. 354ââ¬â365, Feb. 2009. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-45436012420918033552020-01-17T06:18:00.001-08:002020-01-17T06:18:03.534-08:00Pain PoemPAIN Innocent plumes out of the lonely seed, Illusion of darkness was seen, Things seen were absorbed, Sun, water, alarm what happened? Fell in a tunnel, Lights were not yet seen, Faith slowly became weak, Failings, please stops Dodge, defense and attack like a boxer, Easy start yet harder comes, Not a single blink of an eye, Be firm and don't loosen up a single muscle! Fill with all bright colors, Four bright colors over one dark color, Darkness was unseen yet brightness was clearly seen, This is what the world is supposed to be! Walking on a dark street,Rusted street light soul working, Street light can't yet street lights can, Street is dark no more but now bright. Summary Answer Pain, right at this moment honestly I can't think of anything that makes me feel pain. I don't think I have been through the deep pain that people can't get rid of, but there is one thing that makes me feel pain and that is when see others in pain and to see this beautiful world suffering with so many kin ds of things. So basically based on this poem I wrote about what pain I faced and what I think I can do and what others can o to give solutions for this pain.This is a very short summary of the poem I wrote. Ã'âºÃ¢â¬ ¦ In today's world, It has changed so badly and it's obvious. An innocent child will receive things that the world Is doing and It will ruin their Innocent mind, Life will get harder and harder and it is so dark and tough to achieve what you want to achieve, you fail so many times and it will Just make you give up easily. If your life is so dark by doing so many bad things, do more good things and it definitely will cover up all the ad things and it will also cover up all the bad memories that you had.And so now, you will definitely find your life different and continue moving forward In your life. One person definitely can't light up the whole world; we can't be so selfish and wait 1 OFF tort others to be the light tot the world and tot other people. It must sat rat trot us. We can't Just sit in our comfort zone by watching what happened; we must really do something and give other people the light they need to make the world a better place to live in. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-13487794970637138102020-01-09T02:41:00.001-08:002020-01-09T02:41:02.926-08:00Hotel and Travel Vocabulary in Spanish Hotel reserved? Flights booked? Bags packed? Whats next is learning a few essential words to make your hotel stay a little easier. If youre headed to a Spanish-speaking country, your hotel is as good a place as any to practice Spanish. Your concierge or host will appreciate the effort and can help you with tricky pronunciations along the way. Different Hotel Types When in a country where Spanish is the primary language, travelers spend more time in their lodgings, called hospedajes, than any other place. If you have arrived in a Spanish-speakingà ubicacià ³n, which means location, nail down the type of hotel that you would prefer, also called aà hotel in Spanish, too.à Looking for a spa or resort? Then ask for the nearest balneario.à Want something deluxe, then you want somethingà de lugo!à Or looking more for a motel or inn, ask for el motel or la posada.à There are unique types of accommodations, or alojamientos, such as aà bed-and-breakfast, which is called a pensià ³n, or bungalows, called a bungalow in Spanish, too. Reservation Desk You have decided on the type of lodging, now you need to make reservations, called ââ¬â¹reservaciones. You will negotiate the costs, or tarifa, with theà hotelero, or hotelkeeper. It is appropriate to ask what the standard tip or propina should be for your bellhop, also called the botones. Upon checkout, you handle the bill, or la cuenta, with the hotelero. All About Your Room What kind of room, orà habitacià ³n, do you want? Want a suite, ask for a ââ¬â¹suite in Spanish, too. Do you need a single room, orà habitacià ³n sencilla?à Do you want a double, a habitacià ³nà doble, or a triple, also called a triple. Want to make sure you have a bathroom in your room, ask if it has aà baà ±o.à How about your bed, called a cama? Do you want a single bed, a cama de monja, or do you want a double bed, called a cama de matriomonio? Does it matter which floor, or piso, you are on? If you want to make sure you are on the ground floor ask for el piso bajo. Need directions to the ice machine? Ask for el hielo. How about a view, or vista, out your window? If you are in a beach locale, then perhaps la vista al mar, or a sea or ocean view, is important to you. Nice amenities to know about your room would be: Is there room service, orà elà servicioà enà cuarto? How about an in-room safe, called la caja de seguridad? Hotel Features The room is booked. You are officially a guest, or huesped. You are ready to explore the hotel amenities. Does it have a bar, also called bar, or a restaurant, called a restaurante? How about coffee in the morning? Where isà el cafà ©? The person who can guide you would be the concierge, or el conserje.à Are you in town for a convention, called la convencià ³n? Need to ask how to get to the convention hall? That would be called el salà ³n de convenciones. How about going out dancing after the convention? Ask about where to find aà discoteca. Other hotel amenities that can boost your vacation experience include free parking, called estacionamiento, a swimming pool, called a piscina, and a workout room, or gimnasio. English Guidance Dueà to the widespread adoption of English, particularly at upper-end hotels, it may be more common to find signage for English words used to describe certain facilities or services. Do not be surprised if words like spa,concierge, and room service are used instead of the Spanish equivalent. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-30723224099203976282019-12-31T23:07:00.001-08:002019-12-31T23:07:03.508-08:00The Metrics Of English Literature - 4721 Words The Metrics of English Candidate Number: 27090222 School Number: 84 The Metrics of English Fred: Welcome ladies and gentlemen to this lovely evening in the city of London in the world renowned Globe Theatre. Today we are joined by two guests, Sylvia Miller and Joseph Johnson and I am your host, Fred Phillips. Both our guests having many years of linguistics and literature experience will analyse several texts that belong to different stages of the English language and compare their ideas. Why may you ask? To discuss the points of comparison between linguistics and the aesthetic analysis of English literature and discover the underlying oral similarities of our language Sylvia Miller is renowned for her understanding and interpretation of the aesthetic aspects of English literature throughout the periods Old English to the Modern English, ranging from 800 A.D, all the way to the twentieth century. Sylvia argues that the language is based on entertainment and that the enjoyment of the text lies in bringing out the beauty of the language and the craftsmanship of the author. And, as for Joseph Johnson, his insight and deconstruction of text and the English language through linguistics is able to magnify the origins of the text and how its historical context would have affected the language and style of writing. With this analysis, text and language becomes a historical timeline that contains the foundations of Modern English. With these two individuals tonight,Show MoreRelated Epic of Beowulf Essay - Alliteration in Beowulf1297 Words à |à 6 PagesBeowulfà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à The diction of the Old English poem Beowulf is distinguished primarily by its heavy use ofà allliteration, or the repetition of the initial sounds of words. à In the original manuscript version of the poem, alliteration is employed in almost every line (or two half-lines); in modern translations of the poem this is not so. Beowulf uses alliteration [my italics] and accent to achieve the poetic effect which Modern English poetry achieves through the use of poetic feetRead MoreSummary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism1505 Words à |à 7 Pagesprinted. The only standard work that dealt with Medieval Criticism is English Literary Criticism: The Medieval Phase by J.W.H Atkins published in 1952. One major development in this age is the adoption of Christianity as the religion of the Mediterranean region. Roman Catholicism prevailed in Western Europe. Classical elements were absorbed in the Medieval Age, sometimes modified and later became a part of it. Many pagan literature were incorporated into the medieval ethos(character). The criticalRead MoreReflection Of Ovids Metamorphoss1330 Words à |à 6 Pagescomposing elegiac verse that shaped and enriched the Latin language, but also for its enormous contribution to the development of Western literature. Ovid is credited with creating characters who have become symbols embodying psychological states and ethical or philosophical problems. The stories in the Metamorphoses have served as the basic components for works of literature and art since they were composed, and the list of writers, painters, sculptors, and philosophers who are indebted to the poem is formidableRead MoreQuestions On Evolution Of Personal Management1374 Words à |à 6 Pagesrepresentative is required to give impact to the standards of the Bargain of Waitangi Organization. 3. Human Resources in New Zealand - A Brief History (Crispin Garden-Webster, 2015) The improvement of HR practice in New Zealand, with starting points in English hones in the nineteenth century, has been affected from other western popular governments and set apart by practically ethernal inconsistency between proprietors of business and specialists which has ended up in a managed combat zone through livelihoodRead MoreSonnet994 Words à |à 4 Pages1552-1599, a 16th century English Poet. The Spenserian Sonnet inherited the tradition of the declamatory couplet ofà Wyatt / Surreyà although Spenser used Sicilian quatrains to develop a metaphor, conflict, idea or question logically, with the declamatory couplet resolving it. Beyond the prerequisite for allà sonnets, the defining features of the Spenserian Sonnet are: a quatorzain made up of 3 Sicilian quatrains (4 lines alternating rhyme) and ending in a rhyming couplet metric, primarily iambic pentameterRead MoreEssay Activity 4 case study1024 Words à |à 5 Pagesone or more quantitative measures of the characteristic or attribute. Will they be measured using the metric system, imperial system or English? Third, determine the instrument for obtaining this measure. For example, the use of a ruler or tape measure to obtain a measure of height in inches, or a scale of 1-10 to measure emotion or other abstract characteristics. Based on a review of the literature Syafiq has developed a table (Table 1) that should help him to operationalize the variables of his conceptualRead MoreThe Relationship Between Student Mobility And Academic Achievement1428 Words à |à 6 Pagespolicy-making efforts with these students in mind. Minimal research exists, however, that addresses the relationship between elementary school mobility and high school academic achievement, including final high school grade point averages. The literature suggests further studies which include a thorough examination of the effects of elementary school mobility on high school grade point average (Gasper et al., 2012). The problem is that a gap in the research exists when examining elementary schoolRead MoreImproving Quality Metrics Ad Maximize Reimbursement Rates, And Increased Emphasis On The Patients Perception Of Care1243 Words à |à 5 Pageshospitals researching methods to improve quality metrics ad maximize reimbursement. One such intervention is multidisciplinary rounding (MDR). The research question addressed in this research summary and table is: ââ¬Å"In hospitalized patients, will a unitââ¬â¢s initiation of bedside MDR increase patient satisfaction and decrease patient length of stay, within 6 months of introduction , as opposed to units who do not initiate bedside MDR?â⬠A literature search of databases including Health Source: Nursing/AcademicRead MoreInternal Student Satisfaction Feedback Has On The Quality Of Teaching1459 Words à |à 6 Pages2 Review of the National Student Survey With respect to the NSS, there is an abundance of research on its effect on universities in terms of admissions and league rankings. Hewson (2011) recognises the NSS as becoming an increasingly influential metric of quality of performance. According to Hodsdon (2010), the NSS had original aims to ââ¬Ëinform the choices of future studentsââ¬â¢ and to improve public accountability. Sauder et al. (2006) found that within US law schools, those with higher rankingsRead MoreThe Journal Of Comprehensive Medical Research1245 Words à |à 5 Pagesstudies pointing towards a potential area of scientific research, pilot studies or unique first-time reports. The word limit is 1500 words and up to 20 references 1 table. Review Article Comprehensive, systematic and critical assessment of research literature on topics related to newer emerging concepts in various fields of medical science. The entire manuscript should not exceed 5000 words with no more than 50 references and two authors. Case Report Brief case reports of special interest having new clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-82461629038485216372019-12-23T18:52:00.001-08:002019-12-23T18:52:02.697-08:00Fossil Fuels And Renewable Energy - 1947 Words From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Energy Corey Hnat ENC 1102 Professor Hardwick 14 September, 2014 Our society today thrives off of energy consumption in order to carry out daily activities. Since the second and third centuries people have been using fossil fuel for heat and energy. In the 1700s, the use for coal really took off when it was found out that it could be used as a source of energy to create the energy needed to drive locomotives. As each new invention that needed power came into existence since the 1700s, fossil fuels became the energy source that was chosen and because of this our society has become dependent on fossil fuels for energy (United States Department of Energy, 2013). Today fossil fuels are still in high demand.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The two main gasses released are carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are two of the many gasses that are known as greenhouse gasses. Greenhouse gasses are any gas that restricts the flow of heat and sunrays from escaping Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere. Since the start of the industrial revol ution, greenhouse gasses have been increasing drastically and have been causing an increase in the greenhouse gas effect. With the prevention of heat escaping Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere, this can cause an increase in global surface temperatures. This can cause a change in our ocean levels, land structures, and the cleanliness of our air (Greenhouse Gases, 2014). Burning fossil fuels cannot only create the greenhouse gas effect but they can also create acid rain. Acid rain water contains either sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide when it falls and can have devastating effects on the environment. When the acid rain falls into any body of water it causes the water to become more acidic. This increase in acidity will cause any wildlife or plant life to be harmed. In areas with high acid rain levels, these plants and animals can be killed from the increase in the acidity (Air Quality Programs, 2014). Not only does acid rain affect plant life, water cleanliness and animal life but it can also be a cause of concern for human health too. Human health is a major concern in todayââ¬â¢s society and preserving the lives of each person is clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-17128979464914617342019-12-15T15:21:00.001-08:002019-12-15T15:21:04.129-08:00Unconventional Medical Approaches Free Essays Overview of Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicines Aside from the conventional medical practice, there are also complementary medicine together with alternative and integrative medicines that can help the suffering individual alleviate their pains and health problems. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), National Institutes of Health has defined complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as ââ¬Å"a group of diverse health care and medical systems, practices and products that are not presently considered to be part of the conventional medicineâ⬠(House Select, 2006 p. 10). We will write a custom essay sample on Unconventional Medical Approaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very important to note, however, that Complementary medicine alone is very distinct from alternative medicine alone. According to the NCCAM: Complementary medicine is applied jointly with the conventional medicine such as the use of aromatherapy in reducing the patientââ¬â¢s pain after undergoing a surgery while alternative medicine is applied as a substitute for conventional medicine such as the use of special diet to treat cancer instead of following the physicianââ¬â¢s recommendation to undergo surgery or chemotherapy. Integrative medicine, on the other side, is a combined ââ¬Å"mainstream medical therapies and CAM therapies for which there is some high-quality scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness. â⬠(What is CAM? , 2007). II. How CAM Flourished in the United States? Due to beliefs by some millions of Americans that conventional medicine alone is not enough, CAM has gained its footing in the United States (U. S) Aside from this reason, it was found out, through the survey conducted in 2002 by Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, that the growth in CAM usage among Americans are attributed to one or more of the following factors: marketing forces, on-line information availability, patientsââ¬â¢ desire to be actively involved with their medical and health decision making, and patientsââ¬â¢ general dissatisfaction with the conventional medical applications (Barnes, P. , E. Powell-Griner, K. McFann, and R. Nahin, 2004, p. 1) With these identified growth and popularity factors for CAM, the survey has identified major reasons for such usage. How to cite Unconventional Medical Approaches, Papers clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-63458626504100215732019-12-07T12:05:00.001-08:002019-12-07T12:05:02.862-08:00Elderly Care Insurance in Japan free essay sample Beginning of elderly care insurance in Japan Nowadays, many developed countries are all faced with a problem: aging of population, among which, Japanese is the country with the most serious aging in the world. The ones who were born during the baby boom in World War II will be 65 years old soon, so that the population of the elderly in Japan will increase rapidly. Meanwhile, the birth rate in Japan has continued to drop since from asses. The decreasing of birth rate and the increasing of elderly population give rise to the roping of total population, and at the same time, the proportion of the population above 65 years old accounting for the total population goes up greatly. In the face of such problem, Japan attaches great importance to the coordination with the private enterprises on the infrastructure for home care and then carrying out expansion rapidly. Under such background, Care Insurance Law comes into being. We will write a custom essay sample on Elderly Care Insurance in Japan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. The road of elderly care insurance in Japan Care Insurance Law was issued on November 17th, 1997, and took effect on April 1st, 2000. The metallization of care insurance is marked by the social insurance view conference held in July 4th, 1995. An this conference, a written advice, mainly aiming at the problem the welfare of the elderly should rely on the insurance benefit, was put forward for the first time since the system of all nationals Join the insurance had been carried out for 33 years. On April 22nd of 1996, the review conference of health benefits for the elderly finally passed Proposal on Establishing Care Insurance for the Elderly, and proposed to establish social insurance method that half of the care insurance is undertaken by the public expense. In September of 996, Million Citizens Committee Boosting Care Colonization was established, which was the first time to be discussed and modified on the care insurance among the citizens. In November of 1996, Care Insurance Law, Care Insurance Implementation Law, and Medical Service Modification Law, associated with care insurance, were put forward. During this period, Care Security Act for the elderly, established aiming at tax levy increasing, was unveiled. Therewith, as the main operation body, Municipalities of Japan required reviewing cautiously. After repeated discussion, Care Insurance Law was officially passed in December 9th of 1997, and took effect in 2000. 2. Reform of elderly care insurance in Japan In order to adapt to the change of the times, the Japanese government reformed and improved Care Insurance Law in 2005. The main content of the reform is as follows: introducing prevention payment; reducing hospitalizing payment to facilitate the outpatient service payment; introducing new payment in the region; announcing information related to care facilities with Internet; enhancing the supervision on the city, towns and villages, so as to provide proper payment and legal protection for the are-needed patients; expanding premium grading. Among them, the most importance, I. E. The key point of this reform, is to introduce prevention payment. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-22441716473156311032019-11-29T23:47:00.001-08:002019-11-29T23:47:03.952-08:00Socrates-Trial and Death free essay sample A discussion on the trial and death of Plato as depicted by Plato. This essay examines the trial and death of Socrates as shown by Platos Apology and The Crito. The trail of Socrates was not so much against the individual as against the intellectual class. It took place at a time when Athens had been defeated in war and the moral of people was low. The state needed a scapegoat who could be punished as a cause of the defeat. Thus, Socrates then represented the intellectuals who had begun questioning the state and thus, had to be suppressed in authority was to be held in the traditional manner. At his trail in The Apology Socrates had asked what morality was but was given no definite answer. In The Crito as he awaits death he suggests that morality explores the concept of the good things in life and is the determining factor in the happiness of the human life. We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates-Trial and Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-28861664116679781812019-11-25T22:06:00.001-08:002019-11-25T22:06:05.516-08:00Cloze Tests to Determine Reading ComprehensionCloze Tests to Determine Reading Comprehension When teachers wish to measure how well a student comprehends a reading passage, they often turn to Cloze tests. In a Cloze test, the teacher removes a certain number of words that the student then needs to fill in as they read through the passage. For example, a language arts teacher might have their students fill in the blanks for the following reading passage: _____ mother is upset with _____ because I got caughtà _____ a rainstorm. Sadly, I ______ my umbrella at home. _____ clothes got soaked. I ______ I wont get sick. Students are then instructed to fill in the blanks for the passage. Teachers are able to use the studentââ¬â¢s answers to determine the reading level of the passage. Why Readability Formulas Are Not Enough While readability formulas can tell teachers how complex a reading passage is based on vocabulary and grammar, it does not reveal how difficult a passage might be in terms of reading comprehension. For example: He waved his hands.He waived his rights. If you were to run these sentences through readability formulas, they would have similar scores. However, it is obvious that while students might easily understand the first sentence, they might not comprehend the legal implications of the second. Therefore, we need a method to help teachers measure how difficult a particular passage is for students to comprehend. History of the Cloze Test In 1953, Wilson L. Taylor researched closure tasks as a method to determine reading comprehension. What he found was that having students use context clues from the surrounding words to fill in the blanks as in the example above has a high correlation with how readable the passage is for the student. He called this procedure a Cloze Test. Over time, researchersà have tested the Cloze method and found that it does indeed indicate reading comprehension levels.à How to Create a Typical Cloze Test There are a number of methods that teachers use to create Cloze tests. Following is one of the most common methods used: Replace every fifth word with a blank. This is where the students are to fill in the missing word.Have students write only one word in each blank. They are to work through the test making sure to write a word for each missing word in the passage.Encourage students to guess as they go through the test.Tell students that they do not need to worry about spelling errors as these will not be counted against them. Once you have administered a Cloze test, you will need to ââ¬Ëgradeââ¬â¢ it. As you explained to your students, misspellings are to be ignored. You are only looking for how well students understood what words to use based on contextual clues. However, in most instances, you will only count an answer as correct if the student answers with the exact missing word. In the example above, the correct answers should be:à My mother is upset with me because I got caughtà in a rainstorm. Sadly, I left my umbrella at home. My clothes got soaked. I hope I wont get sick. Teachers can count up the number of errors and assign a percentage score based on the number of words that the student guessed correctly. According to Nielsen, a score of 60% or more indicates reasonable comprehension on the part of the student. Using Cloze Tests There are a number of ways that teachers can use Cloze Tests. One of the most effective uses of these tests is to help them make decisions about reading passages that they will be assigning to their students. The Cloze procedure can help them determine what passages to assign students, how long to give them to read specific passages, and how much they can expect students to comprehend on their own without additional input from the teacher. Note, however, that Cloze tests are diagnostic. Since they are not standard assignments testing a studentââ¬â¢s understanding ofà theà material that has been taught, the studentââ¬â¢s percentage score should not be used when figuring out their final grade for the course. Source Jakob Nielsen, Cloze Test for Reading Comprehension. Nielsenà Normanà Group, February 2011 clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-45834790229955023152019-11-22T05:30:00.001-08:002019-11-22T05:30:05.718-08:00Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Example for Free (#3) Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Macbeth (632) , Drama (623) , Fleance (115) Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. Discuss how ââ¬Å"The Banquet Sceneâ⬠has been realised on screen and consider the effectiveness of its portrayal. Shakespeare was born in 1564 when Elizabeth the First was Queen of England. Shakespeare did not go to university when he left school; instead, he worked. He married Anne Hathway when he was eighteen and she became the mother of his daughter, Susanna, and also of twins. Although there are many public documents concerned with his career as a writer and a businessman, Shakespeare has hidden his personal life from us. A nineteenth century poet, Matthew Arnold, addressed Shakespeare in a poem and wrote: ââ¬Å"We ask and ask ââ¬â Thou smilest, and art stillâ⬠. There is not even a portrait of the worldââ¬â¢s greatest Dramatist. I am going to look at the banquet scene, in my opinion, one of the most important scenes in ââ¬Å"Macbethâ⬠; it shows many sides to both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The scene opens with the couple welcoming all the guests to their Banquet, the atmosphere is warm and jolly, and everyone is joking and enjoying themselves. The atmosphere becomes more sombre when one of Banquoââ¬â¢s murderers arrives with news for Macbeth. Although Banquo is ââ¬Å"safeâ⬠, Fleance on the other hand has â⬠ââ¬Ëscapââ¬â¢d ââ¬Å". Macbeth tries to ââ¬Å"Act like the innocent flower, but be the serpent underââ¬â¢tâ⬠in front of his guests, but this does not last for long, the guilt gets the better of Macbeth and causes him to hallucinate. The Lords were all very confused, and so, Lady Macbeth tries to cover-up for her husband by telling them all that Macbeth suffers from an illness, which causes him to behave in such a manner. ââ¬Å"Sit, worthy friends ââ¬â My Lord is often thus, and hath been from his youthâ⬠. ââ¬Å"The fit is momentary ââ¬â upon a thought he will be well againâ⬠. The two productions I am going to look at are Roman Polanskiââ¬â¢s 1971 Production along with Gregory Doran RSC production. In Gregory Doranââ¬â¢s production, Macbethââ¬â¢s house resembles a prison. The front foyer is very bare, with lots of different entrances: this is trying to show us that Macbeth is imprisoned in his world of guilt. Macbeth is dressed as a soldier, which gives me the impression he is at war, maybe Doran is trying to put across the fact that Macbeth is trying to fight against all of the evil. Roman Polanski dressed Macbeth in beautiful robes; Macbeth is also wearing his crown. This makes me think Macbeth is in total control of everything. Both producers hold the Banquet in a large, dull, cold room, this symbolises the fact that Macbeth has nowhere to hide; it also creates a tense atmosphere. In Polanskiââ¬â¢s production, Macbeth sees Banquo and he goes mad! ââ¬Å"Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee!â⬠He continues to rant and rave at this ghost of Banquo, whom only Macbeth can see. He frightens and startles not only the lords, but also Lady Macbeth. We know this by the look of worry on her face. She then pulls her husband aside to try and help him see sense. He sees what she is trying to say and returns to normality, but this only lasts for a matter of moments, and then Macbeth resumes to his fit of madness again. Macbeth is gradually loosing control. While Macbeth moves back, Banquo continues to advance. As both men keep moving, the camera becomes Banquo. We see high angle shot of Macbeth; it seems as though Banquo is looking down upon Macbeth and that he is now the one in control. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses for her husbandââ¬â¢s behaviour by saying ââ¬Å"Sit worthy friends: My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat: the fit is momentary: upon a thought he will be well againâ⬠. We then see a long shot of the lords at the table; they all look very puzzled and confused. By this time, Macbeth is in a corner, on the ground with Banquo towering over him, he moves in closer and closer, then Banquo is cut, and Macbeth is left sitting on the ground, a trembling wreck. Gregory Doranââ¬â¢s RSC Production is very similar to Polanskiââ¬â¢s. He also shows Macbeth being overpowered by Banquo. When Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth aside to try and snap him out of his ââ¬Å"fitâ⬠, he is unable to look her in the eye, he keeps watching the ghost of Banquo. He realises what his wife is trying to say, and so he returns to his normal self again. The way that Macbeth is changing personalities so suddenly in this scene reminds me of a schizophrenic, itââ¬â¢s almost as though he has some kind of mental disorder. Macbeth tries to laugh it off and composes himself. However, this only lasts for a moment. When Macbeth sees Banquo again, he drops his chalice, and the white wine spills onto the floor. This is an interesting observation because all the other products I watched used red wine, a sign of evil and danger, but white reminds me of innocence. Maybe Gregory Doran feels that Macbeth was innocent and this is why he uses white wine rather than red. He may feel it was the witches, or maybe Lady Macbethââ¬â¢s influence that encouraged him to do all those evil things. Personally, I feel it was Lady Macbeth that caused him to go through with Duncanââ¬â¢s murder, but yet again, how many could be talked into murder without desiring it themselves? Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. (2017, Oct 14). clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-71090318946493620132019-11-20T20:42:00.001-08:002019-11-20T20:42:04.260-08:00Explain the difficulty in accounting for service trade versus tangible EssayExplain the difficulty in accounting for service trade versus tangible goods in the Balance of Payments (BOP) framework - Essay Example Therefore, such transactions may not be reported, recorded, or even traced. As opposed to physical goods, the valuation of services is considered to be a difficult task as there may not be a single basis for measuring them and different companies within a single country may be using different approaches to recording of financial data. It is also impossible to deliver the same service or standard of service to customers which may create an argument that services may not recorded on a standardized manner (Arnold, 2011). It is also understood that the valuation of financial services including derivatives can have varying effects on balance of payments of different countries as they are based on different bases of measurement. Furthermore, there may be lacking of benchmarks which can be used for recording and measuring of services. Therefore, it is impossible to include all items of services in the current clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-52184670827068879652019-11-18T23:45:00.001-08:002019-11-18T23:45:04.414-08:00Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1Humanities - Essay Example As the paper outlines arts played a major role especially in the urban society leading to a progressive and dynamic growth. With growth, intellectual innovations and spiritual tensions in the Church there emerged new and creative styles in architecture, visual arts, literature and music. The three relationships of art during the Middle Ages that I would like to discuss with my students would be on architecture, literature and music. On the architectural front, an artistic renaissance emerged and was supported by both religious and secular patrons. Islamic and Byzantine civilizations created an impact resulting in Romanesque architecture that involved magnificent cathedrals with round archways and intricate stone carvings. Following this was the Gothic architecture with its flying buttresses and vaulted ribs such as used in the Notre Dame in Paris. Secondly, Literacy flourished during the Middle Ages. Latin was the dominant language in which many books were written but were also trans lated into other languages such as English, German and French. Lyrical poetry played an important role by celebrating the love between knights and ladies in the court. Epic tales of chivalry, love and heroism were exemplified in wonderful literary works such as ââ¬ËBeowulfââ¬â¢, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Canterbury Tales. Enlightening literature on Religion on the biographies of saints and their miracles were beautifully drawn and painted on handwritten manuscripts in gold and other brilliant colors. Thirdly, during the Middle Ages, music was considered to be an integral part of their lives and as it evolved, it increased in complexity with the monophonic Gregorian chant and interesting ballads that involved the complex weaving together of polyphonic musical lines. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-31639308282469681082019-11-16T12:18:00.001-08:002019-11-16T12:18:09.847-08:00Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars and their Impact on Environment Essay Example for Free Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars and their Impact on Environment Essay Fig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow much rapidly. The growth will be caused mainly with inevitable living standard improving in many countries like Africa, South Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population may grow between years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times. This work was supported by Research Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3. Total world production of CO2 These problems are so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us imagine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km. There are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between customers. They bring a new possibility how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric motors with the high fuel energy density benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine load and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions. [1], [4], [6], [7]. A. Basic Drive Configurations Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combination of different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine ICE propels a generator. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the traction motor. There is no mechanical connection between ICE and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE gear box GB battery traction motor TM BAT ICE Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on series hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and traction motor. It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. BAT traction motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions quite free from the car velocity. That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low gas emission for any traction load and car velocity. Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account. Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE and electric traction motor on the same shaft. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its output is separated from the ICE output. Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work in optimal load regime because its speed is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are high but the difference between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case. On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear. In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator control unit generator ~ ~ generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet shaft directly to car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent document was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. [1], [2], [3]. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called :â⬠Slovenska Strelaâ⬠and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on. But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car ââ¬Å"Slovenska Strelaâ⬠clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car ââ¬Å"Slovenska Strelaâ⬠The ICE drives a DC generator which ââ¬Å"statorâ⬠and rotor can rotate separately. The ââ¬Å"statorâ⬠is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric traction motor supplied by the voltage induced in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator. The relative speed between generator ââ¬Å"statorâ⬠and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds. This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electromagnetic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of Josef Bozek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. [5], [9], [11], [13], [14], [15]. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 ââ¬â 6000 min-1.. Electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10. The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors. Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC. Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of carââ¬â¢s performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The incoming power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular velocity ? 1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*? 2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in conventional cars generally. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory [11], [13], [14] were used for the simulation. The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in [15] [16] Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different standard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km). Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 1333 1540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first: Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second: Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP. The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions: When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car. Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved. The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best relation between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13. 5% less CO2 . REFERENCES [1] V. Klima : Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 [2] J. Sousedik : Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. [3] J. Bilek: Electric drive of motor cars ââ¬Å"Slovenska strelaâ⬠(Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu ââ¬Å"Slovenska strelaâ⬠). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. [4] J. Mierlo: Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. [5] Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus: Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 [6] T. Denton : Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE International ISBN 0 340 73195 8. [7] Michael H. Wesbrook: The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London [9] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter in Hybrid Drives. Proceedings of 8th International Conference ââ¬Å"Problems of Present-day Electrotechnics PPE 2004â⬠, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. [10] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter Control System. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2005 Proceedings, pp. 395-398, China, Hangzhou, August 22-26, 2005, ISBN 1-933077-07-7. [11] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Super-capacitor in hybrid drive. International Symposium on Electric Machinery in Prague ISEM 2003 , str. 110-111, ISBN 80-01- 02828-3 [12] Zdenek,J. : ââ¬Å¾Vibrationless Drive Controller Software Designââ¬Å". Proc. of XI. int.symp. ISEM2003. Sept. 2003. Prague, pp. 158-165. [13] Cerovsky,Z. Mindl,P. : Hybrid Drive with Supercapacitor Energy Storage, FISITA Conference Barcelona. F193m 2004. [14] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain using Electric Power-Splitting Synchronous Generator with Permanent Magnets. IPEC-Niigata 2005 [15] Mildorf M. : Mathematical model of a drive and fuel consumption of hybrid vehicle. Diploma thesis. 2007, Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Faculty of El. Eng. [16] Simkova L. : Mathematical model of hybrid car. Bachelor thesis 2004. Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Phaculty of El. Eng. clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2422120398859941949.post-56004789852490271732019-11-14T00:49:00.001-08:002019-11-14T00:49:04.894-08:00Global Warming Essays -- greenhouse gases climate changeGlobal Warming The greenhouse effect occurs when gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and CFCs trap heat in the atmosphere by acting as a pane of glass in a car. The glass lets the sun light in to make heat but when the heat tries to get out the gases absorb the heat. Holding this heat in causes heat waves, droughts and climate changes which could alter our way of living. The main gases that cause the greenhouse effect are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane, which comes mainly from animal manure. Other gases like nitrogen oxide and man made gases called chlorofluorocarbons get caught in the atmosphere as well. The decay of animals and respiration are two main but natural sources of carbon dioxide. There are many steps we can take to slow down the emissions of greenhouse gases. There are already so many gasses in the atmosphere, and we may not be able to correct the damage done, but we canââ¬â¢t prevent further damage. Over the last 100 years the global temperatures have been increasing slowly but steadily. Since 1980 the temperature has risen 0.2 degrees C (0.4 degrees F) each decade. Scientists predict that if we continue putting the same amount of gas into the atmosphere by the year 2030 the temperature will be rising as much as 0.5 degrees C (0.9 degrees F) or more per decade. Over all the global temperature could rise anywhere from 5 to 9 degrees over the next fifty years. If the temperatures do rise as predicted several things co... clairedunn198http://www.blogger.com/profile/13280657893740544913noreply@blogger.com0